ethics

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the words ethics comes from the greek word "Ethos", meaning custom, usage, or character.

philosophy is the pursuit of wisdom.

Ethics- moral and social codes of behavior and conduct.

ethical theories- systemize, defend, and recomment concepts of right and wrong.

ethical codes- moral obligation focuses on an individuals conscience or on societys opinion about behavior.

legal codes- legal obligations are enforable by the states power without regard to an individuals conscience.

metaethics- considers the origin and meaning of ethical principles.

normative ethics- determining the moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct.

3 types of theory-

virtue theory- petains to the character of the person

consequentialist theory- an action is morally right if the consequences are more favorable than unfavorable.

duty theory- a persons obligation through morality.

13 virtues- temperance, silence, order, resolution, frugality, industry, sincerity, justice, moderation, cleanliness, tranquility, chastity, humility.

consequentialist theory- an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are favorable.

hippocratic oath- taken by physicians and pertains to ethical practice of medicine.

modern version of the oath written in 1964 by louis lasagna, academic dean of school of medicine at tufts university.

(AHIMA) american health information management medical association and (AAPC) american association of professional coders - 2 associations dedicated to providing billing and coding education.

Etiquette- proper form of social interaction.

normative ethics- determining the moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct.

a philosopher named Ptah-Hotep wrote the first book of etiquette during the fifth egyptian dynasty between 3580 BCE and 3536 BCE.

either hippocrates or one of his students wrote the hippocratic oath in the fourth century BCE.

2008 HSC study shown people had to choose between paying rent or getting healthcare insurance.

(HSC) health system change showed people without health insurance were 3 times less likely to get the care they needed than people who did have insurance.

significant changes went into effect on 1/1/2014 (ACA).

the US spends more per capita on healthcare than any other country does.

organisation for the economic co-operation and development (OECD) in 2012 found that even tho we spend all the money other countries still have better quality of care, access to care, and health outcomes.

US ranks 37th on a variety of quality measures used by the world health organization (WHO)

single payer system- health care costs are paid primarily by the government rather than the multiple private insurers.

annals of health research in 2007, 59% of doctors support a single-payer plan.

the american college of physicians (ACP)- second largest doctors organization in the US.

each insurance plan has its own formulary- list of approved medications.

medical tourism- traveling to other countries for medical procedures for a lower cost.

Nuremburg code- forbids performing medical experiments on humans without their consent.

1950's soldiers were given acid or LSD as an experiment without their knowledge.

1996- (EFIC) exception for informed consent - permitting emergency research without patient consent under certain conditions.

therapeutic window- when the treatment must be given.

patient autonomy- requires that patients give informed consent before the start of any medical procedure.

medical paternalism- takes this power away from patients and gives it to medical personnel or the government for society's benefit.

bonner vs. moran - a court ruled that a mature minor could consent to donating skin his cousin for a skin graft.

(OPTN) the organ procurement and transplant network operated by nonprofit (UNOS)united network for organ sharing.

the national organ transplant act of 1984 established the organ procurement and transplant network (OPTN) - a national system to address fair allocation of organs for transplant.

the uniform anatomical gift act- authorizes gifts of the body or any part of the body.

- the donor must be 18 years old, the gift is effective on death, the relatives have the right to make the gift, recipients are limited to certain medical personnel or institutions.

strunk vs. strunk- parents got consent from the court to get a kidney transplant for their handicapped son.

grimes vs. kennedy krieger institute- the court ruled that it was improper to use a child for experimenting even if for the greater good.