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Attachment
Fichas del conjunto (89)
- 1What is meant by reciprocity?'Turn taking'
Research demonstrated that infants can co-ordinate their actions with their caregiver
From birth, babies move in a rhythm as though they were turn-taking and it's their way of almost having a conversation
Psychologist suggested this rhythm is important for an infants later communications and lays the foundation for an attachment between caregiver and infant - 2What is meant by a 'caregiver'Any person who provides care for an infant
eg: parent, grandparent, sibling - 3What is meant by 'interactional synchrony'?'Mirror image'
This was outlined as a different way for infants and caregivers to interact - 4Outline a study done into interactional synchronyTwo psychologists conducted a systematic study of this and found infants as young as two/ three weeks old imitated some facial/ hand gestures
Study involved an adult model who displayed either a facial expression or hand gesture whilst the baby had a dummy in their mouth during the initial display to prevent a response
After the display, the dummy was removed from the infants mouth and child's expressions were recorded - it was found that there was in fact an association between adult model and infants behaviour
In a later study, they conducted it with infants as young as 3 days old -- the fact the infant displaying mirror behaviour this young it ruled out possibility that behaviour had been learnt - 5The psychologists who conducted the study into interactional synchrony proposed that the imitation from the infant was intentional... what is a contrasting view of this?A different psychologist believed imitation was only developed after the first year and anything before this was seen as 'response training' and the infant is repeating the behaviour that was rewarded
eg: infant might stick their tongue out after seeing caregiver do this and the consequence might be that caregiver smiles as a result which is seen as rewarding
However, evidence has supported the original psychologists idea and shows infants weren't displaying behaviours that were rewarded - 6Weaknesses of research into caregiver- infant interactions?1) Failure to replicate - other studies have failed to replicate the psychologists research into these interactions in which the psychologists counter argued that the new research must have failed as it was less carefully controlled
2) Individual differences with interactional synchrony- those infants more strongly attached with their caregiver showed stronger synchrony in a study
3) There is issues with testing infant behaviour- infant's mouths are constantly moving and the expressions tested in the study (like sticking out your tongue) are frequent- this makes findings difficult to distinguish from general activity of an infant to imitated behaviours - 7Psychologists conducted a landmark study on attachment and then used their findings to construct a description of how attachment develops.. What are the 4 stages?1) Indiscriminate attachments
2) The beginnings of attachment
3) Discriminate attachment
4) Multiple attachments - 8What is meant by 'indiscriminate attachment'?Stage one
From birth to around two months- infants produce similar responses to all objects
Towards the end of this period, infants are more content when they are with people rather than inanimate objects
Reciprocity and interactional synchrony play a role in establishing infant's relationship with others - 9What is meant by 'the beginnings of attachment'?Stage two
Around the age of four months infants become more social and enjoy being with people
They can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people but they are still relatively comforted by anyone and don't yet show stranger anxiety - 10What is meant by 'discriminate attachment'?Stage three
By seven months old, most infants begin to show a different protest when one particular person puts them down (separation anxiety) but they show equally as much joy at a reunion with that person- they are said to have formed a 'primary attachment figure'
Begin to also show stranger anxiety- this is another sign that a specific attachment has formed - 11What is meant by 'multiple attachments'?Stage four
After main attachment has been formed, infant also develops a wider circle of multiple attachments depending on how many consistent relationships they have
eg: siblings/ grandparents- these are called secondary attachments and infant can also display separation anxiety in these relationships - 12What is meant by 'primary attachment figure'?The person who has formed the closest bond with a child
Usually the biological mother but can be other people eg: adoptive mother/ father/ grandparent - 13What did psychologists find out about the role of the father in relation to the development of attachment?Fathers were less likely to be primary attachment figures than mothers
Could be because they spend less time with their infants
It's also possible that men are just not psychologically equipped to form intense attachments as they lack emotional emotional sensitivity which women offer (could be due to biological or social factors) - 14Although it's unlikely that fathers will be the primary attachment figure for infants.. what can they be and why?Secondary attachments
Research has shown that fathers are more playful and active with infants and also better at providing challenging situations for them
Fathers can be seen as a fun and exciting playmate for infants - 15Weaknesses of research into the development of attachment?1) Unreliable data- the study in which the stages were based upon may be unreliable as data was based upon a mother's report of their infants and some mothers may have been less sensitive to their infants protests- systematically biased and invalid?
2) Biased sample- the study only took findings from a working class population so findings may only apply to that social group. Also, findings were from the 1960s and parental care has changed since then as more women go out to work now- if a study like the one from the findings was conducted today findings could be different- low temporal validity
3) Cultural differences- in collectivist cultures we could expect that multiple attachments are more common. Research supports this- which suggests the stage model is based only on individualist cultures in particular - 16What are the two animal studies of attachment?Lorenz- chicks
Harlow- monkeys - 17Outline Lorenz's animal study of attachmentChicks
He took a group of chick eggs and divided them into two groups... 1st group= left with their natural mother and 2nd group= placed in an incubator
When the incubator eggs hatched, the first living thing they saw was Lorenz and they started following him around
To test the effect of imprinting, Lorenz marked the two groups to distinguish them and placed them together with both natural mother and Lorenz present
He found the groups quickly divided themselves up, one following natural mother and the other Lorenz... Lorenz's group didn't recognise their mother
Lorenz noted that if a young animal isn't exposed to a moving object during their critical period then the animal will not imprint - 18Long-lasting effects of Lorenz's animal study?Imprinting is irreversible and is long lasting
One of the geese that imprinted on Lorenz used to sleep on his bed every night - 19Strength of the idea of imprinting?1) Research support for imprinting- apart from Lorenz's study, there have been other studies conducted which have supported his research and findings on imprinting
- 20Weakness of the idea of imprinting?1) There is dispute over the characteristics of imprinting. Originally, it was the idea that the encounter with an object leads to imprinting which is irreversible.... however, now understood that this process could be reversed from evidence from chickens who had originally imprinting on a rubber glove who were then able to experience sexual feelings for other chickens after spending time with their own species
- 21Outline Harlow's animal study of attachmentMonkeys
Created two wire mothers- one wrapped in soft cloth and the was just wire
Eight monkeys were studied over 165 days- for four of these mothers, their milk bottle was attached to the wire mother wrapped in cloth and for the other four it was the wire mother alone who had the milk bottle attached
He found all 8 monkeys spent most of their time with the cloth-covered mother whether or not this mother had the feeding bottle- the monkeys who fed from the wire mother only spent a short amount of time getting milk before returning to the cloth covered mother
When the monkeys were frightened, they clung to the cloth covered mother
These findings suggest that infants don't develop an attachment to the person who feeds them but the person who offers contact comfort - 22Long lasting effects of Harlow's study?Harlow found the motherless monkeys developed abmormally
They were sexually abnormal as they didn't show normal mating behaviour and were socially abnormal as they froze/ fled when approached by other monkey
Like Lorenz, Harlow found there was a critical period for these effects... if motherless monkeys spent time with monkey peers they seemed to recover but only if this happened before they were 3 months old - 23Weakness of Harlow's study?1) Ethical issues- study created long lasting emotional harm on monkeys as they found it difficult to form relationships with their peers
But... the experiment did help us to understand the process of attachment so it could be argued that the benefits outweigh the costs - 24Weakness of animal studies?1) The aim of them is to be able to generalise conclusions to human behaviour but humans differ in many ways...animal studies can act as useful pointers in understand human behaviour but we should seek confirmation by looking at research in humans
- 25What does learning theory propose about behaviour?That behaviour is learnt and when children are born they are 'blank slates' and everything they become can be explained in terms of experiences they have
- 26What do behaviourists suggest about behaviour?That all behaviour is learnt either through operant or classical conditioning
- 27How does classical conditioning link to learning theory?Classical conditioning begins with an unlearned stimulus and response
In terms of attachment the unlearned stimulus would be food which produces the unlearned response of pleasure
FOOD( UCS) = PLEASURE (UCR)
During an infants early months, certain things can become associated with food because they are present when the infant is fed--- this could include the infant's mother, a sound hat are present at times of feeding etc and these things are called NS
If any NS is consistently associated with an UCS it takes on the properties of the UCS and will produce the same response from the infant
The NS then becomes whats known as a CS which then goes on to give infant a CR of pleasure - 28How does operant conditioning link to learning theory?When an infant is hungry, they have a 'drive' ( a motivation for behaviour) to reduce their discomfort
When an infant is fed, their drive is reduced which produces feelings of pleasure and is rewarding (positive reinforcement)
The behaviour that led to being fed is more likely to be repeated in the future as it was rewarding and food becomes a primary reinforcer as it supplies the reward
Through classical conditioning, the person supplying the food is associated with avoiding discomfort, becomes a secondary reinforcer and a source of reward
Attachment therefore occurs because the child seeks a person who can supply the reward - 29Aside from classical and operant conditioning, what else can help explain learning theory?Social learning theory
Psychologists suggested that modelling could be used to explain attachment behaviours
They proposed children observe their parents behaviour and imitate this - 30Weakness of learning theory1) Learning theory is based on research with animals such as Skinner's research with pigeons. Behaviourists believe humans are actually no different from other animals when it comes to learning. Our behaviour is in fact constructed from the same basic building blocks of stimulus and response and therefore, behaviourists argue it is legitimate to generalise animal studies to human behaviour
2) Main limitation is that it suggests food is the key element in the formation of attachment but there is strong evidence against this to show feeding has nothing to do with attachment (Harlow's monkey study shows this) as the monkeys were found to be most attached to the wire mother who provided contact comfort rather than food
3) Alternative explanation- learning theory was mainly rejected as a better theory appeared. Bowlby's theory has advantages over learning theory as it can explain why attachments form whereas learning theory - 31What did Bowlby suggest about why attachments form?After Lorenz's research on imprinting, Bowlby assumed a similar process occurred in humans
He said that attachment behaviour evolved because it serves an important function for infants to survive as an infant who isn't attached is less protected
He also suggested that it is important attachments are formed in two directions and parent must also be attached to their infant to ensure they are safe and cared for so they can survive - 32What is meant by 'the critical period'?A biologically determined period of time when certain characteristics can develop ... after this time this development isn't possible
- 33What is the critical period for attachment?Between 3-6 months
Infants who don't form attachments in this time will struggle to form them in the future - 34During the critical period, what determine who an infant attaches to according to Bowlby?Bowlby proposed attachment was as a result of sensitivity
His views were influenced by Ainsworth's strange situation - 35During the critical period, what is important to ensure the attachments develop?Social releasers
- 36What did Bowlby suggest about social releasers?He suggested they were an important mechanism in the process of attachment such as an infant smiling
These social releasers are social behaviours/ characteristic that provoke caregiving and leads to attachment
Social releasers are innate mechanisms which explain how attachments to infants form - 37What is meant by 'monotropy' and what did Bowlby say about this?The idea that one relationship an infant has with his/her primary attachment figure is one of special significance in emotional development
Bowlby suggested the individual is often the infants biological mother but not always
Infants also make lots of secondary attachments which provide them with an emotional safety net and are important for healthy developments - 38What is the importance of monotropy?An infant has one special relationship and forms a mental representation of this relationship called an internal working model.
- 39What is meant by an 'internal working model'?It's a mental model of the world which enables individuals to be able to predict and control their environment
In the case of attachment, this model relates to a person's expectations about relationship - 40Positive consequences of of the internal working model?1) Short-term: gives child an insight into caregiver's behaviour which enables the child to influence the caregiver's behaviour so a true partnership can be formed
2) Long term: acts as a template for future relationships as it generates expectations about what intimate and loving relationships are really like - 41What does the 'continuity hypothesis' propose?It's the idea that emotionally secure infants go on to be emotionally secure, trusting and socially confident adults
- 42Weakness of Bowlby's theory?1) Critical period should be called the 'sensitive period' - psychologists have studied children who fail to form attachments during the critical period.. according to Bowlby, it isn't possible to form attachments after this time and there is evidence from other studies why show that this is true to an extent. Although it's unlikely that attachments will form after this period, it isn't impossible which is the reason why researchers prefer to say the period is sensitive as this reflects the fact that 3-6 months is the best time to make attachments but developments can infact take place outside this window
2) Attachment is important for emotional development but may be less critical for survival- Bowlby suggested attachments develop during crit period which is late as a mechanism to protect infants. Young monkey's cling on to their mothers fur showing the age of attachment is linked to a species life- human infants don't need to cling on as mothers can carry babies but when infants start crawling, attachment is vital which is when attachment develops in humans showing it's adaptive - 43Strengths of Bowlby's theory?1) Support for continuity hypothesis- according to Bowlby, an outcome for attachment is the effect it has on later relationships.. this has been tested by study's which followed participants from infancy to late adolescence and they found continuity between early attachment and later emotional/social behaviours. Those individuals who were classified as securely attached in infancy were then rated higher in social competence later in childhood and were less isolated and more popular; supporting continuity hypothesis as there is link between early and later attachments
- 44Why did Ainsworth devise the strange situation?To systematically test the nature of attachment and to see how infants (between 9 and 18 months) behave under conditions of mild stress
- 45How did Ainsworth set up her strange situation?Research took place in a new environment to infants marked into squares to help record the infant's movements
Procedure consists of eight episodes each designed to highlight certain behaviours - 46What was the procedure of the strange situation?
- 47How was data collected in the strange situation?Typically collected by a group of observers using a video recorder or a one-way mirror looking at what the infant is doing every 15 seconds
- 48What did Ainsworth find in her strange situation study?She combined the data from several studies which ended up being a total of 106 middle class infants observed
They made a note of similarities and differences in the way infants behaved
In terms of differences found between the infants, Ainsworth found three main patterns of behaviour in the infants observed - 49What are the three main attachment types found from the strange situation?1) Secure attachment
2) Insecure- avoidant
3) Insecure-resistant - 50What is meant by secure attachment?-Harmonious interactions with caregivers
-Unlikely to cry if caregiver leaves the room
-Show some distress when left with stranger
-When anxious they seek bodily contact with caregiver and are easily soothed
-They are able to function independently - 51What is meant by 'insecure- avoidant'?-Children tend to avoid social interaction and intimacy with others
-Show little response to separation and don't seek the proximity of their caregiver on reunion
-Shows little tendency to cling on
-Happy to explore with or without the presence of caregiver
-High levels of anxiety - 52What is meant by 'insecure-resistant'?-They seek and resist intimacy and social interaction
-They respond to separation from caregiver with immediate and intense distress and behave similarly towards strangers
-On reunion, these children may display conflicting desires for and against contact eg: they may angrily resist being picked up whilst trying to maintain a close proximity - 53Strengths of the strange situation?1) Observations had high reliability- had inter-observer reliability which was determined by comparing the ratings made by a panel of experienced judges. Ainsworth found almost a perfect agreement when rating behaviours which means observations can be accepted as reliable.
- 54Weakness of the strange situation?1) Other types of attachment- research into the strange situation has suggested Ainsworth's study overlooked a fourth type of attachment. A psychologist looked over 200 strange situation videos and proposed their was an insecure-disorganised type of attachment characterised by a lack of consistent patterns of social behaviour. This suggests that some infants don't have a consistent type of attachment
2) Low internal validity- strange situation aims to measure attachment type of a child but it could be considered that it merely measures the quality of a relationship. A psychologist found children behaved different depending on which parent they were with..this suggest the classification of an attachment type may be invalid as it's measuring an infant's relationship rather than a personal characteristic lodged into the individual - 55What is meant by inter- cultural differences?Differences BETWEEN different countries/ cultures
- 56What is meant by intra-cultural differences?Differences in the findings from studies conducted WITHIN the same culture
- 57What were Van IJzendoorn and Kroonerberg interested in looking at?They were interested in seeing whether there would be evidence that inter- cultural differences existed and whether there were intra-cultural differences
- 58What was the procedure of Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's cultural variation study?They conducted a meta-analysis of the findings of 32 studies of attachment
They examined over 2000 Strange situation classifications in eight different countries - 59What were the findings of Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's cultural variation study with reference to inter-cultural (between) differences?There were little differences
Secure attachment was the most common classification in every country
Insecure-avoidant was the next most common in every country except Israel and Japan (they were considered collectivist - 60What were the findings of Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's cultural variation study with reference to intra-cultural (within) differences?The variation was 1.5x greater than the variation between cultures
- 61What conclusions were drawn from the meta-analysis done by IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study?The global pattern across cultures appears to be similar to that found in the US
Secure attachment is 'the norm' as it's the most common attachment in all the countries= this supports the view attachment is best for healthy, social and emotional development - 62Other studies support IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's findings.. what did they do and find?Psychologists studied an African tribe who live in extended family groups..
...infants were looked after and breastfed by different women but usually slept with their own mother..
...despite the differences, the infants at 6 months still showed one primary attachment - 63Other studies have found different results to IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's findings.. what did they do and find?Psychologists found German infants tended to be classified as insecurely rather than securely attached
Could be due to different child practices- German culture involves keeping some distance between parents and children so infants don't engage in proximity-seeking behaviours in the Strange situation and they appear to be insecurely attached - 64What can be concluded about looking at several studies of cultural variations?1) Despite the fact there are cultural variations in infant care arrangements, the strongest attachments are still formed with the infant's mother
2) Research also shows there are differences in patterns of attachment which can be related to the differences in cultural attitudes - 65Weaknesses of the conclusions made about cultural variations?1) Similarities in how attachments form universally may not be innately determined-Bowlby's theory suggests the similarities are infact because of innate mechanisms..IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg suggest some cultural differences might be explained by the media which spreads ideas about parenting and as a result, children all over the world are exposed to similar influences which means cultural similarities may not be due to innate influences but are because of global culture
2) Nations rather than cultures- the meta analysis done by IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg drew conclusions about cultural differences yet they were actually comparing countries not cultures- within each country there may be different sub-cultures each having different childcare practices - 66What is the definition of 'deprivation'?To be deprived is to lose something
In context to child development, deprivation refers to the loss of emotional care normally provided by the primary caregiver - 67What did Bowlby suggest about prolonged emotional deprivation?That it would have long-term consequences in terms of emotional development
- 68How many sections are there to Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation?Three
- 69What did Bowlby believe in terms of keeping a child safe and warm?That it wasn't enough for a child.. he believed infants and children needed a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with a mother to ensure normal mental health
- 70Bowlby said that a child denied care because of prolonged periods of separation may become emotionally disturbed..but there are some "if's".. what are these?This only applies to a critical period of development and separation will only have this effect if it happens before around 2 and half years and if there's no substitute mothers available
So, separation may not cause deprivation but it is deprivation that has potential to cause long-term harm for an infant - 71What did Bowlby suggest were the long-term consequences of deprivation?Emotional maladjustment
Could even be mental health issues such as depression - 72What was the procedure of Bowlby's 44 juvenile thieves study?He analysed case histories of a number of his patients in a child guidance clinic- all children who attended the clinic were emotionally maladjusted
Studied 88 children- half who had been caught stealing (44 thieves) and the other half were a control group
Bowlby suggested some of the thieves were 'heartless psychopaths as they lacked normal signs of affection, shame or responsibility
These characteristics enabled them to become thieves and they could steal from others - 73What were the findings of Bowlby's 44 juvenile thieves study?He found those individuals diagnosed as affectionless thieves had experienced frequent early separations from their mothers
86% of the affectionless thieves experiences frequent separations compared to 17% of the other thieves
Almost none of the control participants experienced early separations whereas a lot of the thieves had - these early separations consisted of repeated stay in foster homes/hospitals when the children were scarcely visited by family
These findings suggest early separations are linked to affectionless psychopathy - 74Strength of Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation?1) Real-world application: Bowlby's theory had an impact on post-war thinking about how children were looked after in hospitals. Before his research, children were separated from parents when in hospital so Bowlby worked for change in the way children were cared for in hospitals to change the separation usually experienced by infants
- 75Weakness of Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation?1) Individual differences- research has shown not all children are affected by emotional disruption : a psychologist reviewed various studied on separation and concluded securely attached children may sometimes cope well wheres insecurely attached children become especially distressed
2) It may not be just physically separation which leads to deprivation- it could be related to psychological separation.. being depressed as a mother would mean that, although physically present, she may not be able to provide suitable emotional care meaning the child is deprived of that care...
...a psychologist studied mothers who were severely depressed and found their children were more likely to be insecurely attached - 76What is meant by institutionalisation?It's the effect of institutional care and can be applied to the effects of an institution
The time spent in institutions such as orphanages can affec the development of children - 77What was the procedure of the Romanian orphans study?Psychologists looked at 165 children who had spent their early lives in Romanian institutions and suffered effects of institutionalisation
111 were adopted adopted before the age of two and the rest were adopted before the age of four
Adoptees were tested at regular intervals to assess their physical, cognitive and social development and their progress has been compared with 52 British children adopted before the age of 6 months - 78What were the findings of the Romanian orphans study?At time of adoption, Romanian orphans lagged behind their British counterparts on all three sections of development
They were smaller, weighed less and were classified as 'mentally retarded'
By the age of four, some of the children had caught up with British counterparts which was true for almost all the Romanian children adopted before the age of 6 months
Follow ups have confirmed problems still remain in individuals who had experiences institutional care beyond age of 6 months - 79What are some effects of institutionalisation?1) Physical underdevelopment- children in institutional care usually physically small- can have poor nourishment which could potentially cause deprivation dwarfism
2)Intellectual under functioning- cognitive development can be affected by emotional deprivation
3) Disinhibited attachment- a form of insecure attachment where children don't discriminate between people they choose as their attachment figures
4) Poor parenting in the future - 80Weaknesses of the research into institutionalisation?1) Individual differences- research suggests individuals who don't form primary attachment within early sensitive periods are unable to recover but this isn't true for all children who experience institutionalisation. Some children aren't as affected as others which has been suggested is because some of the children may have received special treatment in their institutions which would mean they did have some early attachment experiences
- 81Strengths of the research into institutionalisation?1) Real-life application: research into Romanian orphans has highlighted the importance of early adoption. In the past, mother's going to give their babies up for adoption would be advised to nurse their baby for a while first.. by the time the baby was adopted, the sensitive period for attachment had passed making it difficult for them to form secure attachments- today, most babes are adopted within the first week so that adoptive mothers and children are just as securely attached as non-adoptive families
2) The studies conducted into institutionalisation were examples of longitudinal studies which had large benefits.. although it took a long time to get the results, without such studies we may mistakenly conclude wrong conclusions as we hadn't waited a sufficient time to look at long-term effects - 82What is Bowlby's concept of an internal working model similar to?A schema
Infant's learn about relationships from experience- they learn what they are and how partners in a relationship behave towards each other - 83What was the procedure into the study done to test the internal working model done Hazan and Shaver?Placed a 'love quiz' in a small newspaper which asked questions about current attachment experiences and attachment history = they wanted to identify current and childhood attachment types
The questionnaire also asked questions about attitudes towards love (an assessment of the internal working model) - 84What were the findings into the study done to test the internal working model done Hazan and Shaver?Found the attachment types were similar to those in infancy- most were secure and the least popular was insecure-resistant
Also found a positive correlation between attachment type and love experiences..
Those with a secure attachment were more likely to have long-lasting relationships compared to those with other attachment types - 85How could 'childhood friendships' be influenced by the internal working model?Studies have found continuity between early attachment and later emotional/social behaviour
Those classified as securely attached in infancy= rated highest for social competence later in childhood, were less isolated and more popular
linked to the internal working model as secure individuals have higher expectations that others are friendly and trusting= this would enable easier relationships with others - 86How could 'poor parenting' be influenced by the internal working model?Harlow's monkey study demonstrated a link between poor attachment and late difficulties with parenting...this is also shown in humans
linked to internal working model as individuals lack reference points to form relationships with their own children - 87How could 'romantic relationships' be influenced by the internal working model?Hazan and Shaver's study demonstrated a link between early attachment and later relationships...individuals securely attached had longer-lasting relationships
- 88How could 'mental health' be influenced by the internal working model?A lack of attachment in the critical period would result in lack of internal working model
Those children with attachment disorder have no preferred attachment figure and an inability to interact with others
Attachment disorder recently been classified as a condition in the DSM - 89Weaknesses to the explanation of early attachment?1) Could be an alternative explanation- psychologist argued adult attachment patterns may be properties of a relationship rather than the individual..adult relationships may be guided by a self verification process which suggests it's the adult secure relationship that is causing adult attachment types
2)Deterministic- research has suggested early experiences of a child have a fixed effect on later adult relationships but this isn't the case as researchers have found people who have managed happy relationships in adult life.. this suggests the research doesn't suggest a person's future is determined by their past
3) Low correlations- not all research has found a strong positive correlation between early attachment and later relationships..low correlations have been found in several studied done which has been suggested has occurred due to insecure-anxious attachments being unstable which would pull down the overall correlations
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- A level Psychology Fichas sobre Attachment, creado por Ashleigh Johnson el 30/04/2018.
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- Ashleigh Johnson
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