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China Depth Study Notes
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- 1Who were the GMD? (2)The Goumingdang, a Chinese nationalist party, also referred to as KMT's. The army of the GMD's was the nationalist revolutionary army.
Led by Chiang Kai-Shek. - 2Who was San Yat Sen? (1)The first provisional president of the republic of China.
- 3Who were the CCP's and who was there army? (2)The CCP's were a pro-communist group led by Mao Zedong.
The red army was the communists party's army. - 4What effects did the united front have on relations between the CCP and GMD? (3)1. While Sun Yat Sen was alive, the CCPs and GMDs worked well together. Tensions began to appear after his death.
2. Within the CCP there were two groups, one supporting the Marxist idea of basing the organisation on urban workers and the other upon peasants. (95% of china were peasants)...
3. Some GMD members didn't really trust the CCPs they believed that the wanted China to come under soviet control. - 5What led to the May Movement on May the 30th? (1)13 Chinese workers in a textile factory were killed due to British led international police force, who shot them.
- 6Why did the May 30th movement help the GMD's and CCP's? (2)1. Many Chinese joined the GMD and the CCP.
2. The CCP gained 150k new members in 2 weeks. - 7What was the northern expedition?1. In June 1925 Chiang was appointed the commander of the GMD army. he wanted to unite china by crushing the war lords in northern china.
2. In June 1926, the GMD army moved north-east and occupied Hunan and Hupei provinces. by 1927 all of China south of the yangtze was in GMD hands. - 8Why was the GMD army successful?1) Chiang trained in russia
2) There were peasants uprising who supported the GMDS.
3) Some warlords joined the GMD army. - 9What happened in the second phase of the Northern exhibition?In 1928 Chiang continued the northern expedition and in june occupied Beijing.
- 10What were the problems arising from the GMD's success?1. CCP support grew, many of them in shanghai
2. Wuhan was chosen as the new capital of china and it was communist
3. Chiang was concerned that the GMD became more and more left wind. - 11Why did the CCP gain support in 1920?1. The influence of Russia, led to the CCP to concentrate upon peasants. Whereas the GMD tended to ignore them.
2. The CCP led by Mao, offered land reform, which meant taking land from war lords and giving them to peasants.
3. 95% of the Chinese people were peasants.
3. The CCP represented peasants and 2000000 people joined the ccp in 1926-7.
about 10000000 people all together.
4. the GMD supported land lords so therefor, lost many peasant followers. - 12What was the Shaghai Massacres?In April 1927 Chiang ordered the Shanghai massacres, to try and reduce the power of the CCP's.
Several hundred thousand communists were shot in the streets of China. They were shot if they had a communist or pro ccp emblem on their neck. - 13Why was Shang Kaishek unable to gain full control over china from 1926-1935?The northern campaign was not completely successful in defeating the war lords.
The war lords became involved in fighting the GMD's
In 1931 the japanese occupied manchuria and deprived China of much of it iron and coal.
China suffered from the effects of the great depression. - 14The CCPSome of the communists who had survived the shanghai massacres gathered in Jiangxi under the leadership of Mao.
Mao set up his soviet in the countryside as the GMDs occupied the cities, this was against marxist ideas.
Mao encouraged peasents to sieze land lords and redistribute it among peasents.
Many peasants were unable to pay taxes due to droughts and famines in 1927-1930 and therefor turned to the ccp.
In 1930 a land law was passed at the Chinese council which said that land was to be distributed fairly among the Chinese population.
Landlords were only allowed a smaller share which attracted the support of the peasants. - 15What were the campaigns of the GMDs?In 1930 Chiang began a series of campaigns aimed at destroying the jiangxi soviet.
- 16Why were the first four campaigns ineffective?Mao adopted guerilla tactics which avoided pitched battles,
his tactics were:
1. When the enemy advances we retreat.
2. When the enemy halts and encamps we harass them
3. When the enemy seeks to avoid battle we attack
4. when the enemy retreats we pursue. - 17Why did the communists start the long march?1. Chiang in 1933 adopted a different tactic, he put an army of 900,000 men into field and tried to surround and blockade the soviet, by building concrete blackhouses.
2. The army slowly advanced, forcing the communists back. 60k communist soliders were killed and 1,000,000 peasents died
3. In October 1934 Mao and about 100,000 communists attempted to break out of the soviet and head west.
4. They marched 9,000 kilometres into northern shensi and re-established the soviets out of the reach of the GMD at Yanan.
5. The main body was led by Mao and eventually numbered 8,000.
6. Of the 100,000 who started the march only 20,000 survived. - 18How far was the long march a success?1. During the march communist propaganda was spread
2. the behaviour of the CCPs was much better than that of the GMD. Attracting communist support.
3. Mao emerged as the real leader of the CCP and the soviet Russia influence declined.
4. The CCP became more nationalist and less international
5. The new CCP base was remote enough that the GMD were unable to attack it. Also safe from Japanese attacks.
6. Without the escape from the GMD, communism in china would probably have been destroyed. - 19What other reasons were there for the increasing support of the CCP?Mao and the communist had declared war against japan in 1931.
Mao had ordered the red army to work with peasants. He has 8 rules.
1. speak politely
2. Pay fairly for what you buy
3. Return anything borrowed
4. Pay for anything you damage
5. Dont hit or swear at people
6. dont damage crops
7. dont take liberties with women
8. dont ill-treat captives.
When the Japanese occupied Manchuria, Mao called for a united front, of the CCPS and GMDs. - 20How did the second world war weaken the nationalists but strengthen the communists?In 1923 Japan invaded manchuria. Chiang was first more interested in how he would eliminate the communists than protecting manchuria
in 1936 Chiang ordered the forces of the warlord Zhang Xueliang to attack the CCP in Yanan. Zhang refused. Chiang flew ro Xi'an and was arrested and held as prisoner.
Chiang was only released when Zhou Enlai stated a united front was essential for the fight against the Japanese. - 21How did the second united front, 1937-1945 change relations between the GMD and CCP?The communist accepted direction from the GMD
The chinese soviet republic was abolished
The red army was merged with the GMD becoming the eighth route army
The CCP agreed to stop its attacks on landowners.
Peasents were given a voice in political decisions.
The war with Japan lasted from 1937 untill 1945 when the japanese left china, the stage was set for the communists and the GMD. - 22The impact of the war upon the CCP and the GMDChiang retreated.
Chiang was cut off from his main power base, consequently the GMD could do little to fight back.
The GMD government became more and more corrupt. Inflation grew rapidly and the power of war lords increased.
The Japanese concentrated on the GMD and left the CCP alone.
The ccp had a clear policy to drive out the Japanese.
The eighth route army acted independently, behind Japanese lines.
It set up command posts in the villages across china, in these areas the CCP carried on with land reform, lowering rents for 37.5% of a crop to 20%. - 23Why did the communists win the civil war?CCP took over the north whilst the GMD took over the south, from 1945.
Manchuria was occupied by soviet troops at the end of the war and they allowed the CCP to move in.
In early 1946 the CCP and the GMD signed a truce, but hostility begun to emerge.
The GMD took control of railways, captured the CCP headquarters at yanan. The CCP held the countryside because of this.
The GMD forces re-imposed landlords
In the south Chiang government was corrupt and inflation rose quickly. The CCP were disciplined.
The red army had grown to 1,000,000 because of peasant support by 1945.
The communists had developed guerilla warfare in the war against the japanese.
The north were completely isolated with no way of escape, the tide began to turn for the GMD. They began to desert to the CCP. This gave the CCP more equipment.
The final collapse of the GMD came in october and november 1848
As many of his soliders as possible deserted to Mao, Chiang resigned as president in january 1949 and fled to set up the country of Taiwan. - 24What did the peoples liberation army do?entered beijing in jan 1949 and the peoples republic of china was proclaimed in October 1949, by this time almost all resistance from the GMD was ended.
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- History Fichas sobre China Depth Study Notes, creado por marniearose el 27/05/2015.
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