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Tech Revision
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- 1Scales of Production- Is about the number of identical products to
be made.
- As more of the product to be made increases,
the type of process (such as joining
materials), may be the same, but the tools
and equipment used may change.
- The quantity of products to be made has a
significant effect on the equipment selected to
manufacture the products.
- If a large quantity of a product is being made,
the total cost per product might be reduced by
using automated equipment if less labour time
is needed per product. - 2Economies of scale- the more of a product is made, the more
chances of reducing costs.
- This may be by getting discounts by buying
materials in larger quantities.
- Changing to automation reduces labour costs.
- For example, is someone cuts one shape
from card, they may use scissors. But to cut
1000 identical shapes, a laser or die cutter
might be used. The equipment is expensive,
but there are reduced labour costs. The
overall cost can come down. - 3Material Management-To make a profit, manufacturers must select
the best processes and level of automation.
- The materials used must be used efficiently.
- Designers try and use stock forms (standard
sizes and shapes, to reduce the amount of
machining.
Ÿ To eliminate waste, repeating designs may be
tessellated. Computer software can plan this. - 4One-off/bespoke production- One product is made at a time.
- It may be a prototype or a product for a specific customer.
- Tools and equipment are used to make different products.
- It usually takes a lot of time and a high level of worker skill.
- The cost of each product is high.
examples: a custom made wedding dress, furniture designed to
fit a certain space, satellites. - 5Batch production- A specific quantity of identical products are made.
- Batches can be repeated or a batch of a something different,
using the same equipment can be made.
- Some processes may be automated. Jigs may be used to
ensure consistency.
- The set up costs are usually high, so many products need to
be made to bring down the cost per item.
- The time between batches, when equipment needs to be up
differently is called down time, this costs money.
examples: furniture, high street store clothing - 6Mass production- A large quantity of identical products are made.
- The product is usually made on a production line.
- The equipment is only used to make the same products.
- Most processes are automated.
- Initial set up is expensive, but cost per product is lower.
examples: cars, nuts and bolts, newspapers. - 7Continuous production- It is non-stop, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
- Normally used to make huge amounts of materials or
chemicals.
- The equipment is only used to make the same products.
- The processes are usually fully automated.
- Initial set up is very expensive, but cost per product is low.
examples: petrol, steel. - 8Ferrous MetalFerrous Metal
contain iron.
- All types contain some
carbon.
- They are the most
commonly used metals.
- They have very high
melting points, 1600°C
or higher.
- Most are silver-grey in colour.
- Most will rust or corrode and most
are magnetic. - 9Non-Ferrous MetalNon-Ferrous
Metal do not contain iron.
- Usually have good corrosion
resistance, but they do
tarnish.
- They are non-magnetic - 10AlloysAlloys -
are a mixture of two or metals.
- Most metals are alloys.
- An alloy uses the best
properties of each metal - 11Properties- Strength - ability to withstand a force.
- Ductility - ability to be stretched without
breaking
- Malleability - ability to easily pressed,
spread and hammered into shape.
- Hardness - resistance to scratching, cutting
and wear
- Toughness ability not to break, when hit.
- Elasticity - ability to return to original shape - 12Thermoset Plastics- are heated and moulded into shape once.
They cannot soften if reheated.
- They are commonly found in resin or powder form.
- They can be combined with other materials, such as
carbon or glass fibre and resin.
- They can be used to cover wood, such as work
tops - 13Thermoplasticssoften when heated and can be shaped when hot.
- The plastic hardens when it is cooled, but can be reshaped if re-heated.
- Most are available in stock size sheets, rods and
blocks.
- They are also available in powders and granules. - 14CADstands for Computer Aided Design
It is the use of computer software to produce designs for
products. The designs can be 2D drawings or 3D models. - 15Advantages of CAD- CAD is extremely accurate, more accurate than drawing
by hand.
- It is easy to modify or revise a design.
- Storage space is reduced.
- Files can be shared around the world very quickly, or
imported into presentations.
- 3D models can be rotated and viewed from different
angles.
- Designs can be simulated to see how well they will
function. This allows potential problems to be spotted
early.
- Designs can be exported to CAM equipment for
manufacture. - 16Disadvantages of CAD- Some CAD packages are expensive to buy.
- There needs to be access to appropriate ICT hardware
to run the software. This usually needs to be a high
powered computer which adds to the cost.
- Some designers may not be familiar with how to use
CAD software, so time and money must be spent
training them. They must regularly update their skills.
- Files can be corrupted or hacked. - 17CNCComputer Numeric Control
- 18CAMstands for Computer Aided Manufacture
It is the use of computer software to control machine tools
or manufacture products.
Examples of CAM equipment include laser cutters, vinyl
cutters, CNC Routers and 3D printers - 19Advantages of CAM- Complex shapes can be produced much more easily
than when manufacturing by hand.
- There is consistency of manufacture as every product
produced is exactly the same.
- It enables very high levels of manufacturing precision
and accuracy.
- There is greater efficiency as machines can run 24 hours
a day, 7 days a week.
- It can increase the speed of manufacture, especially
when producing large numbers. - 20Disadvantages of CAM- CAM machines are usually very expensive, although
their cost is reducing with time.
- Operators must be trained to use the equipment, which
adds time and cost.
- For one-off products, CAM can actually be slower than if
the product was produced by hand. - 21Hardwoods- Hardwoods come from broad leaved trees.
- They are usually deciduous,which
means they lose their leaves in winter.
- They produce
flowers and nuts, fruits or seeds.
- They are usually slower growing,
therefore:
- usually tighter grained, harder and
more expensive. - 22Softwoodscome from coniferous
trees.
- They are usually
evergreen, which means
they do not lose
their leaves in
winter.
- Their leaves
are needle like and their seeds
come from cones.
- They are usually faster growing,
therefore:
- usually more open grained, softer
and more cheaper.
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- GCSE Design and Technology Fichas sobre Tech Revision, creado por Yurii Savchuk el 31/01/2022.
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- Yurii Savchuk
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