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Flashcards

Bacterial Diversity

Emma Granger Microbiology English 47 cards

Cards in this deck (47)

  1. 1What is the bacterium genus that the phyla Terenicutes has?Mycoplasmas
  2. 2What are Tenericutes phylogenically related to? How do they stain? What are they often?Phylogenetically related to gram positives, but don't have a cell wall thus they stain gram negative; often are pleomorphic
  3. 3What do we know about Mycoplasma genitalium?Common cause of urethritis and pelvic inflammatory disease, first-free living bacterium to have it's genome sequenced, one of the smallest genomes known at 500 kbp
  4. 4Actinobacteria - gram cell wall?High GC gram +ve
  5. 5Actinobacteria - what do they include?Coryneforme bacteria - club-shaped morphology
  6. 6Actinobacteria - Corynebacterium diphtheria; what does it produce? What does it cause?Produces an exotoxin that inhibits protein synthesis, causes tissue death in respiratory tract (diphtheria), can lead to death by suffocation
  7. 7Actinobacteria - what do mycobacterium have?Modifies gram +ve cell wall, layer of mycolic acids outside PG layer, makes them acid-fast
  8. 8Actinobacteria - what do we know about Mycobacterium tuberculosis? What do they cause?Slow growing (~24hr/gen), colonies can take weeks to form on agar medium, cause of tuberculosis - slow, fatal respiratory disease
  9. 9Actinobacteria - what do filamentous actinobacteria form?Branching hyphae and mycelia, hyphae produce reproductive spores for dispersal called conidia (NOT endospores)
  10. 10Filamentous actinobacteria - aerobic or anaerobic? Where do they live? What do they produce?Most are obligate aerobes, live in well aerated soils; they give the soil its earth smell (geosmins), produce antibiotics
  11. 11Filamentous actinobacteria - Streptomyces griseus, what does it produce?Streptomycin - broad spectrum protein synthesis inhibitor active against gram -ve bacteria
  12. 12Bacteriodetes - gram cell wall? Aerobic or anaerobic?Gram -ve bacteria, aerobes and anaerobes
  13. 13Bacteriodetes - Bacteriodetes thetaoitaomicron - aerobic or anaerobic? Where is it found? What does it do?Strict anaerobe, numerically dominant microbe in large intestine, secretes enzymes that degrade polysaccharides, greatly increasing the variety of plant polymers that can be digested
  14. 14Chlamydiae - gram cell wall? What do they lack? What are they?Gram -ve, lack PG, they are obligate intracellular pathogens
  15. 15Chlamydiae - what are the two types of cells in life cycle and their purpose?Elementary body - small dense cell, allows infection of new host cells
    Reticulate body - larger vegetative cells, multiply inside an existing host but are not infective,
  16. 16Chlamydiae - Chlamydia trachomatis - what does it cause?Trachoma - infection of the eye; causes scarring and blindness
  17. 17Planctomycetes - what kind of bacteria? What do they have specially? What do they lack?Budding and appendaged bacteria, have protein stalk for attachment, lack PG in cell wall, some have membrane bound compartments inside cell
  18. 18Planctomycetes - Gemmata obscuriglobus - what do we know about this guy?Nucleoid surrounded by a true-unit membrane
  19. 19Cyanobacteria - what can they form? What do they perform? What are they and how do they build cell material?Heterocysts; specialized nitrogen fixing cells, they perform oxygenic photosynthesis (harvest NRG from light and produce O2), they are autotrophs and fix CO2 to build cell material via the calvin cycle
  20. 20Cyanobacteria - how are they like and unlike chloroplasts?Like: carry out photosynthesis in thylakoids
    Unlike: have PG, gram -ve cell wall
  21. 21Cyanobacteria - Habitat? How are toxic blooms causes, what do they do?Terrestrial, freshwater, marine habitats. Toxic blooms produce toxins that infect nervous system, liver, skin, etc. Because many of them fix N2, phosphate imbalance alone cause their blooms
  22. 22Cyanobacteria - Prochlorococcus - what do we know about these?One of most abundant organisms on earth, accounts for half of photosynthesis in oceans
  23. 23ALPHA Proteobacteria - pathogens or non-pathogens?Includes pathogens and non-pathogens
  24. 24ALPHA Proteobacteria - Rhizobium leguminosarum - pathogen or non-pathogen? What does it do?Non-pathogen; forms root nodules on legume plants creating symbiotic relationship, bacterium fixes N2 into a bioavailable form, plant provides nutrients and a home for the bacteria
  25. 25ALPHA Proteobacteria - Rickettsia ricketsii - pathogen or non-pathogen? What carries it? What does it cause? What is it phylogenically closest to?Obligate intracellular pathogen, carried by insects and transmitted by insect bites, causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever, closest relative to mitochondria
  26. 26BETA Proteobacteria - pathogens or non-pathogens?Some are pathogens and some non-pathogens
  27. 27BETA Proteobacteria - Neisseria mucosa - pathogen or non-pathogen? Where does it live?Non-pathogenic commensal of human body, lives on mucous membranes
  28. 28BETA Proteobacteria - Neisseria gonorrhoea - pathogen or non-pathogen? What does it cause?Pathogenic - causes gonorrhoea
  29. 29GAMMA Proteobacteria - Escerichia coli - gram cell membrane? Shape? Aerobic or anaerobic? How is it motile? Where does it live? What does it do?Gram -ve, rod shaped, facultative aerobe, peritrichous flagella, it lives in large intestine of warm-blooded animals, important factor in fecal contamination. Ferments lactose to a mixture of acids and alcohols
  30. 30GAMMA Proteobacteria - Pseudomonas aeruginosa - gram cell wall? Shape? How is it motile? What does it do? What is it resistant to?Gram -ve, rod shaped, motile by polar flagella, resistant to many antibiotics and disinfectants, opportunistic pathogen - causes infections in immunocompromised patients for ex) respiratory tract infections in cystic fibrosis patients
  31. 31DELTA Proteobacteria - Myxococcus xanthus - how is it motile? How is it a predator? What does it do when starved? What cells are used for dispersal?Gliding motility, releases exoenzymes to lyse other bacteria for nutrients, when starves cells migrate together to form complex multicellular fruiting bodies, individual cells differentiate into myxospores for dispersal
  32. 32DELTA Proteobacteria - what type of predator? What does it hunt and how?Curved, highly motile predator of other proteobacteria and gram -ve bacteria; penetrates cell wall and multiplies in periplasm, parasitic: uses macromolecules obtained directly from host
  33. 33EPSILON Proteobacteria - what is it famous for?A few microaerophilic, spirillum shaped pathogens
  34. 34EPSILON Proteobacteria - Campylobacter jejuni - where is it found? What does it cause?Frequently transmitted in undercooked chicken, one of most common causes of food borne illness, causes gastroenteritis and bloody diarrhea
  35. 35Firmicutes - gram cell wall? What does it include? What are they?Low GC gram +ve, includes lactic acid bacteria - aerotolerant anaerobes that produce lactic acid as an end product of fermentation
  36. 36Firmicutes - Lactic acid bacteria - Lactobacillus delbrueckii - what does it do?Yogurt production
  37. 37Firmicutes - Lactic acid bacteria - Streptococcus pyogenes - what does it cause?Causes strep throat, scarlet fever, and flesh eating disease
  38. 38Firmicutes - Non-lactic acid bacteria - Staphylococcus aureus - aerobic or anaerobic? Cell arrangement? Where does it live? What characteristic makes it unique? What does it cause?Facultative aerobe that forms grape-like clusters, lives on skin, halo tolerant (can be isolated using media with high NaCl): on Mannitol salt agar it produces acids - YELLOW, frequent cause of nosocomial infections
  39. 39Firmicutes - Non-lactic acid bacteria - Staphylococcus epidermis - where is it found? How is it distinguished and on what medium?Normal commensal on skin - can be distinguished on Mannitol salts agar; no acid production - PINK
  40. 40Firmicutes - Endospore forming - what are the best studied general of endospore formers and are they aerobic or anaerobic?Bacillus - aerobic, Clostridium - anaerobic
  41. 41Firmicutes - Endospore forming - where are endospore former found? Are they pathogenic or non-pathogenic?Found primarily in soil, most are non-pathogenic saprophytic soil organisms; some can be dangerous pathogens
  42. 42Firmicutes - Endospore forming - Bacillus subtilis - what is it used for model for?Gram +ve cell structure and genetics, cell division and differentiation into endospores
  43. 43Firmicutes - Endospore forming - Clostridium botulinum - aerobic or anaerobic? Where does it live? What does it secrete and why?Strict anaerobe with a fermentative metabolism, lives in tiny anoxic pockets in soil, secretes a variety of exoenzymes to degrade plant material
  44. 44Firmicutes - Endospore forming - Clostridium botulinum - where else can it grow? What does it produce and what does this cause when consumed? What must canning methods either have?Also can grow in anaerobic canned foods, produces a deadly neurotoxin that if consumed causes botulism, proper canning procedures must either: 1) reach temps above 120 deg C to destroy endospores or include enough acid or sugar to prevent germination
  45. 45What may be the LUCA (last universal common ancestor)?Hyperthermophilic bacteria
  46. 46Hyperthermophilic bacteria - Thermus aquatus - what is it (energy consuming)? What enzyme does it use and why? What does it allow in the lab? What is it an essential tool for?A thermophilic chemoorganotroph, source of temperature stable enzymes: Taq DNA polymerize, it allows DNA synthesis in lab to be carried out quickly at high temps, essential tool for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
  47. 47Hyperthermophilic bacteria - Deinococcus radiodurans - what is it resistant to? What is it highly effective at? Cell arrangement? What does it do in response to massive DNA damage? Gram cell wall? How does it stain and why?Extremely resistant to radiation, highly effective DNA repair mechanisms, form pairs or tetrads, in response to massive DNA damage, nucleoids from two cells can fuse to facilitate repair, has a gram -ve cell wall but stains gram +Ve because of thick PG layer

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Microbiology Flashcards on Bacterial Diversity, created by Emma Granger on 08/11/2017.
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Emma Granger
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