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Flashcards

Henry VIII Foreign Policy

Tamara Majevadia Tudors A level English 65 cards

Cards in this deck (65)

  1. 1When was the Treaty of Etaples renewed?1510
  2. 2What was Henry's alternative action to the renewal of the treaty to maintain peace with France?He sent Bainbridge to Rome to persuade the Pope to enter an alliance against the French. This created the Holy League with England, Spain, HRE, Venice and the Papacy in an anti-French alliance
  3. 3How did Ferdinand of Aragon (father-in-law) and Maximilian I use Henry?In 1512, Henry sent 10,000 men to southwest France but achieved nothing, and was used by Ferdinand as a diversion while he conquered Navarre
  4. 4When was the Battle of the Spurs?1513
  5. 5What towns did Henry capture in 1513?Thérouanna and Tournai
  6. 6When was the Battle of FloddenSeptember 1513
  7. 7What happened at the Battle of Flodden?King James IV crossed the border with a large force but was defeated by a smaller English army led by Earl of Surrey. James and a lot of Scot nobility were killed
  8. 8What was Henry's reaction to the death of James IV?Left Scotland under the infant James V, but Henry did little to build on this advantage so nothing was gained in Scotland.
  9. 9What was gained after Henry's 1513 military campaigns?War was very costly and Henry was forced to liquidate assets
    Rumblings about taxation in Yorkshire, which narrowly failed to turn into a revolt
    The renegotiated French pension was lost
    Tournai was sold to France for less than the English paid to repair its defences
  10. 10Why was Henry's campaign in 1514 abandoned?Ferdinand and Maximilian each made separate peace with France
  11. 11How did Wolsey recover England's position?He recovered the Etaples pension and secured a marriage alliance between Henry's younger sister Mary and the King of France Louis XII
  12. 12What was the basis of foreign policy in the period 1514-1526?England was a minor power and couldn't compete with France and Spain
    Henry overestimated English power - Wolsey had to conduct foreign policy on false assumptions
    'auld alliance' between France and Scotland remained strong
  13. 13What were the consequences of Henry running out of money in 1514?Henry could not exploit the weaknesses of Scotland following death of James IV
    He sought peace with France
  14. 14Why was the marriage between Louis XII and Princess Mary short-lived?Within weeks Mary had remarried to the Duke of Suffolk
  15. 15What did the death of Louis XII result in?Francis I became King, and Henry considered him a personal rival. Henry immediately tried to seek an alliance with Ferdinand of Aragon but he died
  16. 16Who replaced Ferdinand?Charles V
  17. 17What did Charles do that contradicted Henry?Charles sought an alliance with France rather than England.
  18. 18When was the Treaty of Cambrai?1517
  19. 19What was the Treaty of Cambrai?Between Charles and Maximilian (grandfather) and France
    Left England dangerously isolated
  20. 20What was a consequence of this isolation?Meant Francis I could undermine Anglo-Scot relations. He could do this as Duke of Albany heir presumptive, was a member of the French nobility
  21. 21How was the threat of Albany minimised?Divisions in the Scottish nobility
  22. 22What did this show about Henry though?He was incapable of exploiting divisions and weakness within Scotland.
  23. 23How did Wolsey end England's isolation?Treaty of London 1518
    Wolsey emerged as the leading diplomat in western Europe
    This treaty had its origins in the peace negotiations between England and France
  24. 24How did the Treaty of London's scope widen?It became a treaty of perpetual peace a non-aggression pact agreed to by England, France, Spain, HRE and other small states
  25. 25Why was the Treaty meaningless in the long-run?There were a number of future conflicts which undermined it.
  26. 26What did the new found friendship between England and France result in?England agreed to return Tournai to France but the French once again agreed to pay the English a pension to compensate for its loss.
    French agreed to keep Albany out of Scotland
  27. 27What caused the French's changes in attitudes rather than Wolsey's involvement in the Treaty of London?France was concerned over the increased power of Spain if the Spanish King was elected to the post of HRE
  28. 28When was the Field of Cloth of Gold?June 1520
  29. 29What was it and what did it do?It was an extravagant and expensive diplomatic encounter in Calais held by the English. Henry was defeated by Francis in a wrestling match. It reinforced good relations
  30. 30How much did Field of Cloth and Gold cost Henry?£15,000
  31. 31When was the Treaty of Bruges?August 1521
  32. 32Who was it between?England and Charles V (rather than Francis)
  33. 33Why did Henry side with Charles V?He could improve relations with the Pope
    He believed that he might gain more territory in France
    Part of the deal entailed a marriage alliance between the emperor and Henry's young daughter Princess Mary
  34. 34What happened as a result of this treaty?English armies invaded France in 1522 and 1523.
    They gained little but were very costly Parliament refused to grant extraordinary revenue
  35. 35How did Henry show his lack of strategic awareness?He wanted to benefit from the Emperor's crushing defeat of the French at the Battle of Pavia in 1525 suggesting to Charles that they launch a joint invasion but Charles would not agree
  36. 36What did Henry do after the break down of Anglo-Imperial relations?He lent support to the League of Cognac which was put together by the Pope to counterbalance excessive power of the emperor in northern Italy
  37. 37How did the King's Great Matter affect foreign policy?Made Henry an object of suspicion to the whole of Catholic Europe
  38. 38When was the Treaty of Amiens?1527
  39. 39What was the Treaty of Amiens?Anti-Imperial alliance with the French
  40. 40Why was England forced into this treaty?The failure of Henry VIII to resolve his Great Matter by diplomatic means emphasis the extent to which England remained a minor power
  41. 41What did Wolsey try to do to pressurise the Emperor?Imposing a trade embargo with the Burgundian Islands
  42. 42What was the result of Charles's retaliation?Created widespread unemployment and social problems in England forcing Wolsey to back down
  43. 43How did Charles ensure that his marital issues were doomed to fail?He showed his strength by defeating the French at the Battle of Landriano in 1529, and his dominance over the Pope, demonstrated by the Peace of Cambrai in 1529
  44. 44What sparked Henry's split with Rome in terms of foreign policy?Henry tried to make an alliance with France in 1532 to put a little pressure on Charles, but this began to unravel as Francis sought a marriage alliance with his son Henry and the Pope's niece
  45. 45Why were there no short term repercussion because of the break with rome?Charles was preoccupied by the threat of the Ottoman Turks
  46. 46Why did the pressure on Henry's position reduce?Catherine of Aragon died and the execution of Anne Boleyn opened up the possibility for a renewed alliance with Charles
    Renewal of fighting between Charles and Francis
  47. 47Why did Henry's position in 1538 weaken again?Charles and Francis once again buried their differences in the Treaty of Nice and each agreed to sever connections with England
    Pope Paul III deposed Henry and absolved English Catholics form the need to obey Henry
    Pope sent forces to Fra and Scot for Catholic campaign against Henry
  48. 48Why was his position more secure than it appeared?Charles and Francis did not trust each other and eventually their relationship broke down
  49. 49Why did Henry find it hard to govern Ireland?It was difficult with Kildare and impossible without Kildare
  50. 50When was Kildare dismissed?1534
  51. 51What did his dismissal lead to?major rebellion led by his son which was only suppressed with difficulty and at a large cost
  52. 52What made the situation worse in Ireland?It drained the crowns resources and there was a large scale of resentment amongst the Gaelic Lords
  53. 53When did the government make Ireland a separate Kingdom?1541
  54. 54Why did this not work?Government lacked resources to follow through with reforms, there was no loyalty to the English Crown, and relationships got worse because of religious differences
  55. 55What was different from the 1530s foreign policy to the 1540s foreign policy?1530s - focused on minimise the response of foreign powers to the break with Rome
    1540s - Henry returned to the aggressive foreign policy which had characterised the early stages of his reign
  56. 56When did England invade Scotland again?1542
  57. 57What was the result of this invasion?Military success at the Battle of Solway Moss
    James V died shortly after the defeat leaving his daughter 1 week only Mary as heir
  58. 58Why did Henry not improve his position in Scotland?His main interest was an invasion of France, he therefore looked primarily to diplomatic pressure as a means of securing is Scottish objectives
  59. 59When was the Treaty of Greenwich?1543
  60. 60What was the Treaty of Greenwich?Edward and the young Queen Mary were formally betrothed
  61. 61Why did this Treaty fail?Scots refused to ratify the treaty
  62. 62How did Henry invade France in 1544? What did he do?Made an alliance with the emperor
    Had a large army which he headed himself
    Invaded Calais capturing Boulogne
  63. 63How did matters get worse in 1545?Francis I sent troops to Scot to reinforce an invasion of England
    English were defeated at the Battle of Ancrum Moor
    French Force landed in the Isle of Wight
    Henry's flagship sank
  64. 64When was peace agreed?1546
  65. 65What had Henry done to raise money for this pursuit of glory?Sold much of the Crown estate, borrowed large sums of money, debased the coinage, significantly increasing the rate of inflation

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A level Tudors (Henry VIII) Flashcards on Henry VIII Foreign Policy, created by Tamara Majevadia on 04/01/2018.
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