Flashcards
Human Anatomy
Cards in this deck (168)
- 1Describe blood supply of the brain1) Carotid Circulation
2) Vertebral Circulation - 2At what level do the 2 vertebral arteries joinPontomedullary junction to form basilar artery
- 3At which level do carotid arteries bifurcateC4
- 4Which arteries arise from posterior cerebral arterysmall bifurcating arteries
- 5Branches of aorta1) brachiocephalic (on right)
2) Left common carotid
3) Left subclavian - 6Which arteries do the vertebral arteries branch off?Subclavian artery
- 7Where do pontine arteries branch off?Basilar artery
- 8Where does the anterior choroid branch off?The internal carotid
- 9Where does the posterior choroid branch off?From the posterior cerebral artery
- 10True or false, the poster inferior cerebellar artery is a branch of the basilar artery?False, the anterior inferior cerebellar artery is a branch of the basilar. The posterior inferior cerebellar artery is a branch of the vertebral arteries
- 11Branches of internal carotid- Opthalmic (optic canal, eye and orbit)
- Anterior cerebral
- Posterior communicating artery (optic tract, chiasm, thalamus, midbrain) - there are 2 so other can take over if one is damaged
- Anterior communicating
- Middle cerebral = PERFORATING BRANCHES TO INTERNAL CAPSULE
- Anterior choroidal (choroid plexus, lateral ventricle, INTERNAL CAPSULE, basal ganglia, temporal lobe, lateral geniculate body + midbrain) - 12Branches of vertebral artery- Basilar artery with branches of pontine arteries
- Posterior cerebral braches to posterior chroroidal
- Inferior anterior +
- inferior posterior cerebellar (supplies part of medulla as well as part of cerebellum)
- Superior cerebellar artery
- Anterior and posterior spinal - 13Damage to what arteries result in locked in syndromePONTINE ARTERIES = Branching off basilar artery
- 14Damage to which arteries result in lateral medullary syndrome?Posterior inferior cerebellar arety
- 15Which arteries supply basal gangliaMiddle cerebral artery which has perforating branches that go through perforated substance
- 16Damage to anterior communicating artery results in?Damage to motor supply of brain
- 17Describe the blood brain barrier + key pointsTight junctions, astrocytes, endothelial cells all surround blood vessel
- viruses like HIV and chicken pox can cross and hide there
- immune system cannot get in (brain has own microglia
- many drugs cannot cross it
- brain autoregulates blood flow (via H+, adenosine, myogenic factors that dilate blood vessels) or via hypoxia - 18Areas outside of BBB- Pituitary gland
- Pineal gland (melanin release)
- Median eminance of hypothalamus
- Area postremea (medulla) that senses toxins - 19CircumductionMultiple movements together
- 203 Types of JointsFibrous = tibiofibula
Cartilagenous
Synovial = acromioclavicular, elbow, sternoclavicular, shoulder + knuckle - 21Describe the layers of a synovial joint- Joint capsule (fibrous) holds joint in place
- at end of each bone is articular cartilage separated by synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid - 22What type of joint is the hip and shoulder jointball and socketsynovial joint
- 23What three joints make the shoulder joint1) sternoclavicular
2) glenohumeral joint
3) acromioclavicular joint - 24Parts of scapula
- 25Coroid vs acromionAcromion is large and palpable (sharp)
Coroid process is anterior and inferior more blunt
- 26Parts of humerous
- 27True or false, trochlear is more medial?True, trochlear is more medial and attaches to ulna. Capitulum is more lateral
- 28Importance of surgical neck of humerousAxillary nerve runs close to it
Anatomical neck = growth plates of humerous - 29What is a bursa?Fibrous capsule to protect muscle from bone
e.g subcromial and subscapularis - 30What ligament runs between greater and lesser tuberosityTransverse ligament
- 31Ligaments of the shoulderacromioclavicular ligament
trapeziod ligament
coracocacromial ligament
conoid ligament
transverse ligament - 32Muscles of shoulder (posterior)
- 33Rotator Cuff MusclesSupraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
ALL ATTACH TO GREATER TUBERCLE
- 34What passes through quadrangular space formed by humerus, teres minor and teres majorLong head of biceps brachi
axillary nerve - 35Abductors of shoulderSupraspinatus
Deltoid - 36Adductors of shoulderTeres Major
Pectaralis major
Pec Minor - 37Extensors of shoulderLong head of triceps
- 38Lateral Rotation- Infraspinatos
- Teres Minor
- Posterior fibres of deltoid - 39Elevation of scapula (shrug shoulders)Levetor scapula + trapezius
- 40Which muscle initiates abductionSupraspinatus up to 20 degrees
- 41Which muscle holds the scapular downSerratus anterior (damage = wing)
Pec minor attaches to rib and stabalises scapula - 42SubscapularisAttaches to lesser tubercle and is beneath the scapula
- 43Flexors- Biceps flex shoulder
long head to glenoid fossa and short head to coracoid process
- Coracoid brachialis - 44Innervation of serratus anterior AND pec minorLong Thoracic Nerve C5-7
Medial pectoral nerve C8-T1 - 45Apex of axillaScapula, Clavical and First rib (pec major anteriorly and scapula and teres major posteriorely)
Lateral = humerus
medial wall = serratus anterior and rib cage - 46What marks the boundary of the axillaTeres major
Before this = axillary nerve, after this = radial nerve - 47Branches of subclavian artery1) Subclavian
2) Axillary (with branches to thoraco-acromion artery and posterior circumflex humoral artery)
BELOW TERES MAJOR
3) brachial artery - 48What artery runs with axillary nervePosterior circumflex artery
- 49Describe venous drainage of the armCephalic vein more lateral (superficial)
Basilic vein more medial + deep
Joined by the median cubital vein
Drain into axillary nodes - 50Brachial Plexus
- 51Roots of MusculocutaneusC5 + C6
- 52Roots of AxillaryC5 + C6
- 53Roots of MedianC7 + C8 + T1
- 54Roots of RadialC6 + C7 + C8
- 55Roots of UlnarC8 + T1
- 56How are the cords named?Around axillary nerve
- 57What nerve innervates the deltoidAxillary nerve
- 58Flexor compartment of shoulderAnterior
- corachobrachialis
- bicepsbrachialis
- brachialis
Innervated by musculocutaneous - 59Extensor compartment of shoulderPosterior
- Triceps
innervated by radial nerve - 60What divides the flexor and extensor compartments of the arm, describe this?Intermuscular septum
Contains brachial artery + median nerve
(ulnar nerve runs behind funny bone) - 61Damage to axillary nerve results in?Damage to deltoid and teres minor (abduction and lateral rotation affected)
sensory loss to lateral side of proximal nerve - 62Damage to long thoracic nerveNerve roots = C8 + T1
Affects serratus anterior results in wing of scapula - 63Upper brachial plexus injury results in?affects C5 + C6
Loss of sensation in lateral aspect of entire upper limb
affects abduction, rotation flexion = waiters tip position - 64Lower brachial plexus injuryC8 + T1
affects movement of fingers and wrist
sensory loss of medial aspect of arm, forearm and hand - 65Cubital fossaFront of elbow
- 66Arterial blood supply of armsubclavian to brachial artery to radial and ulnar arteries (follow nerves)
Profundas brachial artery behind arm - 67sequence of events with nerve compression- Pain
-Tingling
- Sensory disturbance
- Motor disturbance
results in ishaemia, oedema, inflammation, demylination + shwann cell proliferation - 68Neuropraxia Axonotmesis NeurotomesisDemylination
Axons cut
Whole neurone severed - 69What results in compression of the median nerveCarple tunnel syndrome
Supplies LOAF muscles (lateral libricles, opponens pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis and flexor pollicis brevis)
Due to increased vol of contents or decreased size (pins and needles, weakness and thin thenar muscles) - 70What results in compression of ulnar nervecubital tunnel syndrome (elbow)
pins and needles of little and ring fingers, wasting of intrinsic muscles - 71what results in compression of radial nerveradial tunnel syndrome
- 72Describe the walls of the carpal tunnel- Roof = flexor retinaculum
- Medial = fusiform and hamate
- Base = carpal bone
- Lateral = trapezium and scaphoid - 73What kind of bone is the patellaa sesamoid bone
- 74What is larger, medial or lateral epicondylemedial epicondyle
- 75What are the three joints that make up the elbow?1) humeral- radial joint (lateral)
2) proximal radial-ulnar joint (radial notch of ulnar and articular circumferance of head of humerous)
3) humeral-ulnar joint (trochlear and ulnar) - 76Elbow ligaments- Annular ligament (holds elbow in place) - thickening of biceps brachi prevents elbow dislocation
- tendon of biceps attaches to radius + tendon of brachialis attaches to ulnar
- 77What membrane seperates ulnar and radius?interosseus membrane
- 78PronationRotating distal end of radius over distal end of ulna
USING PRONATOR QUADRATUS AND PRONATOR TERES
(radial articulation with capitulum important) - 79SupinationTurning hand otherway and palm facing upwards
Supinator and Biceps Brachi (attaches to radius) important - 80what are the bones of the hand
- 81What are the joints between the phalanges called?1) Distal interphalengeal joint
2) Proximal interphalengeal joint
3) metacarpal-phalengeal joint
4) carpo-metacarpal joint - 82Joint of the wrist1) Radial, scaphoid + lunate joint
2) radial and ulnar joint
no joint between ulna and hand - 83How do the 3 main nerves travelMedian nerve = down middle of arm
Ulnar nerve = behind medial epiconyle to hand
Radial nerve round front of arm - 84Wrist flexers- Palmaris longus MEDIAN NERVE
- Flexor carpi ulnaris ULNAR NERVE
- flexor carpi radialis MEDIAN NERVE NERVE
ALL in superficial compartment anterior - 85Finger FlexorsFlexor digitorum superficialis (superficial)
Flexor digitorum profundus (deep) (ulnar nerve laterally)
Flexor Pollicis longus (to thumb) (deep)
MEDIAN NERVE - 86True or false, all muscles in superficial compartment originate from medial epicondyleTRUE
- 87What muscle joins radius and ulnarPronator quadratus
(deep compartment, MEDIAN NERVE) - 88Describe compartment syndromedamage to blood supply
ischaemia leading to odema
increased compartment pressure
pain, parlor, paralysis, parasthesia and pulselessness - 89Colles fracturebroken neck of radius, usually seen in old age
- 90What is pain in snuff box indicative ofbroken scaphoid (usually in younger people) leads to poor blood supply and avascular necrosis
palmar carpal branch damage - 91Describe pronator teres- Superficial compartment
- from medial epicondyle to radius
- supplied by median nerve
-pronation
- anterior - 92Describe pronator quadratusJoins radius and ulnar distally
- supplied by median nerve
- deep compartment - 93Extensors (superficial)- Brachoradialis = stabalises and flexes elbow joint
- Extensor carpi radialis longus
- Extensor carpi radialis brevis
- Extensor digitorum
- Extensor digitiminimi
- Extensor carpi ulnaris
- Anconeus (elbow extensor)
POSTERIOR SUPERFICIAL COMPARTMENT SUPPLIED BY RADIAL NERVE
originate from lateral epicondyle - 94Extensors (Deep)Supernator
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis (pointy finger) - 95What block of muscles move the thumbThenar eminence
- 96What block of muscles move the littleHypothenar eminance
- 97Describe the palmar aponeurosis and problems that can be associated with it- Deep fascia and extension of tendon palmaris longus
-Dupuytrens contracture = progressive fibrosis and thickening of palmar fascia (causes finger to bend and flex) - 98Where can infections build up in the hand?- Thenar space and mid palmar space
- 99Where does the radial nerve run in the handsnuff box
deep palmar arch where it anastomoses with the superficial palmar arch - 100Where does the ulnar nerve run in the handsuperficial palmar arch
- 101Describe the carpal tunnelRoof = flexor retinaculum (ulnar nerve runs on top)
- tendon of flexor pollicis longus more lateral
- 102Describe rheumatoid arthritisAutoimmune
- Begins in fingers, wrists, joints
- Warm and tender due to inflammatory reaction in synovial membranes
- Leads to destruction and deformaty (due to instability)
Treated with antiinflammatory medication, physiotherapy and surgery - 103What type of movement is opposition- bringing thumb to meet fingers (opponens brevis is supplied by median nerve)
- 104What are the thenar muscles innervated byMedian nerve (abductor and flexor pollicis brevis and opponens brevis) except Adductor pollicis which is innervated ulnar
- 105Describe the lumbricles and interossei musclesLumbricles attach to tendon of flexor digitorum profundus (median nerve)
Interossei muscles innervated by ulnar nerve as a most muscles in hand - 106Pathway of flexor digitorum profundusPasses through flexor digitorum superficialis to become more superfical
- 107Management and consequences of fractured neck of femurPainful hip, leg shortened and external rotated and immobile
Treated with analgesia, surgery + reduction and internally fix - 108Prevention of a fractured neck of femurhip and fall protectors
osteoporosis management
(menopause can lead to osteoporosis) - 109Types of connective tissueAdipose, lymph, cartilage and blood
- 110Where is reticular connective tissue foundin the liver
- 111What carries body weight during sittingIschial tuberosities
- 112Describe the terminology of the lower limbHips to feet = lower limb
Hips to knees = thigh
Superior posterior thigh = gluteal
Knees to ankles = legs, crura - 113At what point does the external illiac artery become the femoral arteryUnderneath the inguinal ligament
- 114What is the leg equivalent of the carpal tunnelTarsal tunnel
- 115Describe the femoral triangleContains fermoral canal
Contains femoral nerve, vein and artery - 116Describe the adductor hiatusWhere the femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery
- 117Describe the popliteal fossa- Popliteal artery and vein
- Branches of sciatic nerve - 118Describe the lumbar plexusRoot values T12 -L4
Femoral nerve + Obturator nerve = Root values L2-L4 - 119Describe the lumbosaccral PlexusL4 - S3
Gluteal nerve
Sciatic nerve
superior = L4-S1
inferior = L4 -S2 - 120What nerve supplies gluteal regiongluteal nerve
- 121What nerve supplies anteriorFemoral (under inguinal ligament, through femoral triangle)
innervates illiacus, psoas and pectineus and quadriceps fermoris - 122What supplies medial thighObturator (travels on posterior abdominal wall though obturator foramen)
Medial thigh, obturator externus - 123What supplies posterior and plantarSciatic nerve = biggest nerve
Emerges under piriformis, goes through greater sciatic foramen
(tibial = branch of sciatic bellow knee, posterior, branches to fibular (lateral and anterior leg) - 124Branching of blood supply in legCommon illiac
1) Internal illiac - obturator OR superior and inferior gluteal
2) External illiac - femoral artery, deep artery (profnda), medial and lateral circumflex (around head of humerus) perforatng branches - 125What is piriformis syndromeSciatic nerve emerges beneath piriformis so contraction of piriformis can put pressure on it causing pain
- 126Blood supply of lower leg and footPopliteal in knee (produces genicular branches) to anterior OR posterior tibial / posterior fibular
in foot:
posterior tibial = plantar artery
anterior tibial = dorsus pedis - 127Superficial venous drainage of legGreat saphenous vein drains femoral veins and has valves
Small saphenous vein drains to popliteal vein and has valves - 128Deep venous drainage- accompanies arteries
- Accompanies ant and post tibial, popliteal and deep femoral +femoral veins - 129What does varicose veins result from= weakened valves (from calf muscle pump)
- 130What makes the hip joint strong and stable- articular shape
- strong fibrous capsule
- strong ligaments i.e. iliofemeoral
- powerful muscles - 131Joints of the hipFemero-acetabular joint between pelvis (acetabulum) and head of femur
- 132What is shenton's line, what do interruptions indicate?Imaginary line drawn along pubic ramus and inferomedial border of neck of humer. Interruptions to shenton's line indicate a fractured neck of femur
- 133Describe the Head of femur
- 134True or false, the intertrochanteric line is anteriorTrue, intertrochanteric crest is posterior
- 135Result of a femoral shaft fractureDisrupts intercapsular blood supply (medial and lateral circumflex) = branch of femoral
May lead to avascular necrosis
May require hip replacement - 136Result of an intertrochanteric fracture- Greater to lesser trochanger
- Can be replaired using pin/ plate - 137Result of a fermoral shaft fractureLarge force requried
Surrounding tissues likely to be damaged - 138Movement at hip jointFlexion = kick leg forward
Extension = backwards
Abduction = inwards (35to45 decrees)
Adduction = outwards (20-30degrees)
Circumduction = combo
Lateral rotation = foot outwards (30to40degrees)
Medial rotation = foot inwards (40-50degrees) - 139What limits flexion and extensionExtension limited by iliofemoral ligament
Flexion limited to 100 degrees with knee extended, limited to 130 degrees with knee flexed - 140Rotator extensor- Gluteus maximus
- Hamstrings (also rotation) = sciatic nerve - 141AbductorsGluteus medius
Gluteus minimus - 142Rotator abductorsPiriformis
Obturator internus
Gemellus superior
Gemellus inferior - 143RotatorQuadratus fermoris
- 144Tredelenburg's signSign of weak abductors (gluteus medius and minimis)
Sign of hip dislocation or fractured neck of femur
Pelvis drops on non weight bearing sign - 145Flexors (hip)Illiopsoas
Sartorius
Rectus femoris
femoral nerve - 146Adductor rotatorsAdductor longus and brevis and magnus
Pectineus
Graciliis
obturator - 147What is the only bit of the head of femur not covered in hyaline cartilageFovea, this is where the ligament to the head of femur attaches. Connects acetabular branch of obturator artery (branch of internal illiac)
- 148Describe Hip Joint
- 149What is in the acetabular fossaFat pad for cushioning
- 150Transverse ligament?Bridges foramen inferiorly and forms acetabular foramen where nerves and vessels entre
- 151Describe acetabulum and ligament to head of femur
- 152Intrinsic ligaments of the hip joint- Illiofemoral ligament (supports anterior/ superior part of joint.) strong and prevents over extension
- Pubofemoral ligament = strengthens anterior/ inferior part of joint. Limits extension and abduction
- Ishiofemoral ligament, blends with obicular zone and limits over-extension - 153Arteries of gluteal region- External iliac = femoral (medial and lateral crcumflex, perforating arteries) + profunda fermoris
- Internal illiac = superior and inferior gluteal artery - 154Hilton's lawnerves to a muscle which move a joint also provide sensory innervation
- 155Which nerves supply the gluteal musclesG Maximus = inferior gluteal (L5-S2)
G Medius and Minimis = superior gluteal (L4-S1) - 156What heels fastest during a joint injury- Muscles due to best blood supply
- Ligaments and tendons heal slowest - 157Difference between a ligament an da tendonLigament = bone to bone (more static)
Tendon = bone to muscle (more flexible) - 158Which type of cell is responsible for bone remodellingOsteoclasts
- 159Joints at the knee- Tibio-femoral joint (hinge) Medial and weight bearing
Patello-femoral joint (movement) Saddle joints. Provides mechanical advantage to quadriceps femoris - 160How many articulations are in the knee jointThree Articulations
1) Femur with patella
2) Two condyles of femur with plateux of tibia (at menisci) - 161Which muscle has action on hip and kneeRecturs femoris of quadriceps femoris (Flexes hip and extends knee)
Sartorius (flexes hip and knee) - 162Flexors of Kneegastronemius
hamstrings
sartorius
gracilis
plantaris - 163How are the cruciate ligaments namedfrom where they insert on tibia
Posterior cruciate to posterior tibia - 164Test for anterior cruciate ligamentMove tibia forward = Anterior drawer sign + lachman test
- Should prevent anterior displacement of tibia - 165Q angleline from anterior superior illiac spine to mid patella
+ vertical line through mid patella + tibial tuberosity - 166Describe locking of KneePassive rotation at knee locks and keeps knee in place = tightening of anterior cruciate ligament and medial rotatio nof femur (assisted by illiotibial tract)
- 167Describe unlocking of kneePopliteus laterally rotates femur (ACTIVELY). Pulling lateral meniscus posteriorly
- 168Describe inversion and eversion- Begins at transverse tarsal joint
- Talocalcanonavicular rotation transfers to subtarsal joint
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- TSM Flashcards on Human Anatomy, created by Wannie Chisala on 04/01/2018.
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- Wannie Chisala
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