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Crime and Deviance part 3

becky sharrock Sociology AS level English 114 cards

Cards in this deck (114)

  1. 1Gender and crime why do some think that female crime is underestimated?1. female crime e.g. shoplifting are less likely to be reported; property crime less likely to be noticed/reported than violent crime. prostitution under reported
    2. women less likely to be prosecuted
  2. 2Maxine Carr (Soham murders)-Ian Huntley (Carr's boyfriend) killed children Holly Wells and Jessica Chapman
    -Carr was visiting family but provided a false alibi for Ian
    -Maxine Carr focused on more by the media
  3. 3Tracey Connelly-Death of Baby P
    -Barker and Owen also involved, with Barker being accused of a separate child rape case
    -Connelly received the lightest punishment, reflecting her actions, but the media focus on her
  4. 4Gender and crime Lombroso and Ferrerocriminality is innate but there are very few 'born female criminals'
    biological argument
  5. 5Gender and crime functionalist Sex Role Theory Heidensohn1. control at home (domestic roles restricts their time, confined to house, reduce chances of offending. daughters under patriarchal control, bedroom culture)
    2. control in public (women fear sexual violence, media rape reports, fear being defined as not respectable ie clothing)
  6. 6Gender and crime functionalist Sex Role Theory Heidensohn3. control at work (women's subordinate positions at work reduces criminal chances. glass ceiling prevents women rising to senior positions where there are more chance for white collar crime so can't commit corporate crime
  7. 7Gender and crime marxist views Carlen: Class and Gender Deals-studied 39 working class women who had been convicted of a range of crimes. suggested that most convicted serious female criminals are working class
    -used Hirschi's control theory
  8. 8HirschiHirschi's control theory: argues that humans act rationally and are controlled by being offered a 'deal' (reward for conforming). people commit crime if they don't believe they'll get rewards or if the rewards of crime are greater than the risks
  9. 9Gender and crime Carlen working class women are led to conform through the promise of two deals:1. class deal: women who work will get a decent standard of living
    2. gender deal: women who conform to domestic gender role, gain material and emotional rewards of family life
  10. 10Gender and crime Carlen-class deal: in the study, women had failed to find a legitimate way of earning a decent living. most been in poverty
    -gender deal: some abused by men, spent time in care
    -gained nothing from either deal, felt they had nothing to lose so turned to crime to escape poverty
  11. 11Gender and crime feminist Liberation ThesisAdler 1975
    -as women are liberated their offending will become similar to mens
    -female crime rate will rise
    -women no longer just commit female crimes e.g. prostitution
    -more women in senior positions, can commit corporate crime
  12. 12evaluation of liberation thesis-female crime rates began rising in 1950s, long before women's liberation
    -most female criminals are working class (not effected by female liberation)
  13. 13evaluation continued Lind1997
    -women branching into 'male' crimes like drugs, but mainly due to links to prostitution (not liberated lifestyle)
  14. 14Gender and crime Chivalry Thesis-criminal justice agents (police, judges etc) are men. they are socialized into acting 'chivalrous' towards women
    -Pollak (1950): men have protective attitudes to women, unwilling to arrest
    -female crime less likely to be in OS
    -Self report studies show women treated more leniently
  15. 15evidence for the different treatment of female offenders (sociologists)-Graham and Bowling: difference in Official Stats and Self report studies
    -Flood-Page et al: women who admitted to committing crimes were less likely to be charged
    -Hood: 3,000 defendants-women were about 1/3 less likely to be jailed in similar cases
  16. 16evidence against the different treatment of female offenders-Farrington and Morris: women aren't sentenced more leniently
    -Box 1981: if women treated more leniently, may be because sentences are less serious, or show more remorse
    -Buckle and Farrington: study showed 2x as many male shoplifting. women shoplifters may be more likely to be prosecuted than males
  17. 17men and crime James Messerschmidt1993
    -masculinity is a social construct, men have to constantly work at presenting it
    -Hegemonic masculinity and subordinate masculinity (those who can't achieve hegemonic e.g. gay, class, EM)
    -crime helps get hegemonic masculinity
  18. 18men and crime James Messerschmidt forms of rule breaking to achieve masculinity (1)1. white middle class youths: they subordinate themselves to teachers to get middle class status, out of school they drink and vandalize
  19. 19men and crime James Messerschmidt forms of rule breaking to achieve masculinity (2 and 3)2. white working class youths: less chance of educational success. sexist attitudes, opposing teachers
    3. Black lower working-class youths: few expectations of a reasonable job, use gang + violence to express masculinity
  20. 20men and crime James Messerschmidt critique-circular argument (masculinity explains male crime, is masculinity an explanation or just a description of male offenders?)
    -doesn't explain why not all men use crime to achieve masculinity
    -over works idea of masculinity to explain all male crimes
  21. 21Postmodernism on masculinity general points-loss of manual jobs for working class : working class men express masculinity
    -growth of night time leisure economy, men gain legal employment, criminal opportunities and express masculinity
  22. 22Postmodernism on masculinity Winlow-study of bouncers in Sunderland
    -changes to a postmodern industrial society meant new criminal chances for men who are able to use violence to express masculinity
    -bouncers: paid work, illegal business (drugs) and violence=masculinity
    -body capital=masculinity
  23. 23Women who kill channel 4 Amber Hilberling-murdered husband, pushed out window
    -domestic abuse (patriarchal control)
    -husband a drug dealer
    -media showed her as a domestic abuser and husband as a military hero (in army)
  24. 24Women who kill channel 4 Patricia Ignacio-killed her cousin with a rock
    -underclass, lack of education, parents etc
    -said there was something in her (born bad?), in trouble with police
    -abusive relationship (patriarchy)
    -cousin said she wasn't a good mother
  25. 25Women who kill channel 4 Judy Gomez-shot her husband because he was abusing her children
    -liberation thesis
    -goes against chivalrous thesis
  26. 26Women who kill channel 4 statistics-40-80% of female murderers were acting in self defense
    -female prison population is 8x larger than it was 30 years ago
  27. 27why do men commit crime? critique Cain-Cain: criminologists focus on male criminality, they haven't asked what it is about being male that leads men to offend
  28. 28key term: Role Distorting Status Anxiety-Role Distorting: our roles are not fixed in a postmodern society, fluid
    -Status Anxiety: anxiety about your social rank, position or standing
  29. 29key term: Hyper Masculinity Role Expressive-Hyper Masculinity: exaggerated form of stereotypical masculine behaviour, emphasizing e.g. aggressiveness
    -Role Expressive: 'expressive' role of women, functionalists. this biological role doesn't match criminality
  30. 30Glueck and Glueck1934
    females who deviate from expected roles are viewed as morally corrupt, hysterical, diseased, devious, and manipulative
  31. 31Chesney-Lind"attempt to keep women subordinate to men by threatening those who aspire for equality with the images of the witch, the bitch, and the whore"
  32. 32Tomes1978
    link changes in spousal abuse to changes in the economic position of the working class, and the male's position in the family. a wife's economic position may challenge male authority, so male violence may be used to establish control
  33. 33smith et al1984
    white female victims received preferential treatment fro police than black female victims. chivalry for white not black women
    (analysis of 272 police citizen encounters)
  34. 34Farrington and Morris 1982, Nagel 1981married women receive more lenient sentences, but marital status doesn't impact male sentencing. could be due to role of mother (dependents)
  35. 35Gilligan1982
    men make decisions based on the 'ethic of justice' (principles), whereas women base it on the 'ethic of care' (relationships, impact on family)
    -critique: interviewed mostly middle class students
  36. 36when are most of our statistics from?1950s and 1970s migration.
    -until 1970s EMs had lower rates of offending, but from mid 1970s 'black criminality' increasingly seen as problem
  37. 37Anderson1990
    -police tended to assume white people were middle class and trustworthy, but black people were lower class and criminal. some black males tried to dress differently to avoid suspicion
  38. 38The Scarman Report1982
    officially recognised for the first time that social and economic disadvantages faced by EMs could create disposition towards violent protest, highlighted issues relating to policing of such communities, endorsed Racial Awareness Training Programmes
  39. 39Hall critique of Scarman Reportthese were only partially implemented not fully supported by gov and police. riots in mid 1980s and police became more aggressive in dealing with them
  40. 40Canteen culture, and Smith and Grey 1985attitudes and values exhibited by the police in off duty socialising, e.g. racist remarks are normal
    -S+G: explicit and accepted racist language of the officers (Policy Studies Institute)
  41. 41Bhilox and Differential deployment'1983
    most policing is directed at the excluded in society, often young, poor and black.
    -'Differential deployment' (concentrating policing on areas where the targeted are)
  42. 42Scraton1985
    police force imposed on EM and working class, impose laws reflecting ruling class
    -black criminality is part of 'culture of resistance' formed as response to racism
  43. 43Terrorism Actpolice can stop and search people whether or not they have reasonable suspicion
  44. 44Hoodstudied 5 crown courts, found black men are on average given a 3 month longer sentence
  45. 45Left Realism statisticsstatistics represent real differences in level of offending between ethnic groups, these caused by diffences in levels of relative deprivation and marginalisation
    -blacks have higher rates of criminalisation than Asians, so police would have to be selective in racism
  46. 46Stephen Lawrence what happened?1993
    -at a bus stop with his friend, white gang came over, friend ran but Stephen forcibly stabbed multiple times before running away. collapsed while running. friend called ambulance, police came first (assumptions about gange attacks) but didn't try to help Stephen, saw his friend as a suspect not victim, asking if he was carrying a weapon.
  47. 47Stephen Lawrence the Macpherson Reportpublished in 1999 accusing police of institutional racism
    -took 18 years to arrest 2 of his killers (not treated as a crime scene)
  48. 482013 British Social Attitudes Survey-67% of EMs say the police are institutionally racist
    -25% of non whites say race relations have worsened
    -56% of all people asked say we have better race relations
  49. 49British Crime Survey: racially motivated incidentsin 2006/7: 184,000
    -over 3 times the police records for the same year
  50. 50Gillborn and Youdell 'Rationing Education'2000
    -Teachers quick to discipline Black pupils than others for similar behaviour
    -teachers have 'Racidalised Expectations'
    -teachers misinterpret beaviour seeing black pupils as anti-authority, creating teacher-pupil conflict, reinforcing stereotypes
  51. 51Bourne and Foster streams(B: 1994, F:1990)
    black boys often placed in lower streams at school
  52. 52Fuller and Mac an Ghaill 'Rejection of Labels'1984
    -studied black girls in year 11
    -didn't conform to school values (e.g. respect for teacher), but did value education
    -low streams, high achievers
    -labelling doesn't always follow negative pattern
  53. 53Mirza 'Failed Strategies for Avoiding Racism'1992
    -teachers 'cooled down' black pupils when discussing careers/further education
  54. 54Mirza 2 types of racism in teachers1. colour blind (all pupils equal but don't challenge racism)
    2. Liberal Chauvinists (saw black pupils as culturally deprived, have low expectations)
    3. Overt Racists (black as inferior)
  55. 55Ball curriculum1994
    -used term 'Little Englandsim' to describe way curriculum focuses on White British culture
    -largely ignoring history of Black and Asian people
  56. 56Troyna Asianssays the lack of provision for teaching Asian languages is a form of institutional racism as it puts certain Asian groups at a disadvantage on a day-to-day basis
  57. 57Nightingale On the Edge1993
    -'the paradox of inclusion': black youths want to be part of mainstream society which excludes them. drives desire for success, but poverty and racism means criminality only route
  58. 58Gilroy The Myth of Black Criminality1982
    -black criminality is a myth created by racist stereotypes. police act on these
    -EM crime as resistance against police harassment e.g. riots in Brixton
    -myth serves political agenda: 'alien immigrant'. helped by media, labels justify more control
    -struggles against British Imperialism
  59. 59Gilroy critiqueLea and Young
    -first generation immigrants were law abiding, not passed down resistance
    -most crime is intra-ethnic
    -Asian crime rates similar to white, selectively racist to just blacks then
  60. 60Islamophobia Guardian 2016-crimes against Muslims grew more than those against Jews, black and LGBTQs
    -Hate crimes against Muslims increased by 67% in 2015
  61. 61Islamophobia Guardian 2016-number of anti-Muslim hate crimes in 2015 at its highest since 9/11
    -experts say surges due to extremism and Trump's anti-Muslim rhetoric
  62. 62radical feminist solution to rape-all accused of rape assumed guilty until proven innocent
    -penalty will be immediate and irreversible castration
  63. 63Feminist solutions to crime Newburn2007
    women should carry rape alarms, take self defence classes. need better street lighting
    -there's been a decline in the number of Rape Crisis Centres, but massive increase in reported rape
  64. 64Feminist solutions to crime Campbell and Carlen-ethnographic studies show women gang members are controlled by male counterparts
    -prison make women doubly deviant (criminal and unnatural/hegemonic)
  65. 65Feminist solutions to crime Carlen-observation and interviews, 39 working class women convicted of crime(s)
    -women's crimes largely 'the crimes of the powerless'
    -rational choice to commit crime
    -unrewarded by family and work, little power to change situation legitimately, crime as rational alternative
  66. 66Feminist solutions to crime Heidensohn-women have fewer chances to commit crime so they're absent from OS
    -patriarchy controls women through primary socialisation, gives women responsiblity in home, as carers and controlled by society (any deviance from going out alone=slag)
  67. 67Smartin rape trials, the judiciary celebrates notions of male sexual need and female sexual unpredictability
  68. 68Walklate(supports Smart). Rape trials see things from a male view which accepts men can't restrain their sexual desires once women indicate they might be available for sex
  69. 69Heidensohn gendered criminal justice systemwomen treated more harshly when they deviate from social norms of female sexuality
  70. 70Allen gendered criminal justice systemwomen treated quite leniently for motoring offences
  71. 71Carleninterviewed Scottish judges. found they were unlikely to imprison women who were good mothers
    -inclined to punish childless women or women with children in care
    -women who conformed to ideals of femininity held by judges more likely to get lesser sentences
  72. 72Feminist practical solutions to crime-better trained police offers for rape cases
    -more female police officers
    -more domestic abuse centres
    -extend what is defined as illegal act
    -better street lighting
    -women not put on trial in courts
  73. 73The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004-legal protection to victims of crime, particularly domestic
    -new rules for trials for death caused to child or vulnerable adult
  74. 74counter Helen Mirren 2008 (actress)-not all victims of date rape should take cases to court
    -a women who was engaging in sex with a man and then said no should no expect to take the man to court if he raped her
  75. 75Left Wing solutions to crime-structural changes needed, change economy to reduce inequality.
    -remove economic and social conditions motivating the poor to commit crime
    -policy makers need to focus on relative deprivation, marginalisation and subculture
  76. 76Left Wing solutions to crime relative deprivation-unemployment and poverty do not cause crime (otherwise all poor people would commit crime)
    -it's poor people's awareness of inequality and desire for change, which causes crime
  77. 77Left Wing solutions to crime marginalisationwhen a group are socially, economically and politically marginalised it creates a feeling of powerlessness
  78. 78Left Wing solutions to crime subcultures-subcultures emerge from those who are marginalised and relatively deprived
    -outcomes are street crime and burglary
  79. 79Left Wing solutions to crime Young2002
    we are falling deeper into a sense of relative deprivation where many feel economic insecurity. crime directed at property
  80. 80The Square of CrimeLea and Young
    -The state, society, the victim and the offender
    -relationship between offender and above
    -relationship between parts change with situation; context
  81. 81Left Wing solutions to crime Losing the Fight Against Crime problemKinsey, Lea and Young (1986)
    -lack of trust between the public and police, especially with EMs
    -leads to less information for the police, people don't want to give up info
  82. 82Left Wing solutions to crime Losing the Fight Against Crime result-when info dries up, lead to military policing (lots, vicious, head gear etc)
    -causes vicious cycle of poor relationships between police and working class
  83. 83Left Wing solutions to crime Losing the Fight Against Crime solution-minimal policing in areas that have hostility between police and people
    -elected police authorities
    -less stop and searches
    -improve relations by less police presence, less threatened
  84. 84Left Wing solutions to crime Young1992
    -state spends too much time on minor drug offences/juvenile crimes
    -police don't spend enough time on racial attacks, corporate/domestic crime
    -crime can only be tackled when you address inequality in society
  85. 85Multi-agency approach-improving cooperation between social and gov agencies e.g. police, media, religion, school, community groups, family etc
    -Lea and Young: more coordination here, including between people seen 'at risk' of offending/victimisation, allows early intervention
  86. 86criminology of 'the other'-suggests that society identifies people who are a threat (the other) and excludes them from normal society
    -Young 1999: this is why we have so many in prison-particularly EMs who are seen as the other
  87. 87Left Wing solutions to crime practical-reduce inequality, don't cut benefits
    -improve leisure facilities, housing, and employment
    -create cohesive community, spend money on this not policing. by improving conditions, wouldn't need to buy CCTV...
    -preventative methods
  88. 88Left Wing solutions to crime Restorative justice-Braithwaite 1989
    two types of shaming:
    1. disintegrative shaming: replacing offender's usual status e.g. father, with the mast criminal status. shunned
    2. re-integrative shaming (better): the deviant act is shamed not the person
  89. 89Left Wing solutions to crime Braithwaite continued-option 2 should replace 1.
    -focus should be on helping offender realise the consequences of action (restorative justice)
    -e.g. meeting between offender and victim, victim explains negative impact, offender could show their remorse. reintegrate wrongdoer, not labelled
  90. 90Left Wing solutions to crime critique-fails to explain causes of crime (Hughes 1991)
    -Relies on subcultural theory
    -doesn't say why not all people who are relatively deprived turn to crime
    -focus on working class crime
    -in square of crime, focus on victim
    -subcultural trap of deviants and non deviants
    -better for property crime than assault
  91. 91New Right solutions to crime general-linked to Conservative party (Cameron and May supported some views, Thatcher)
    -rising crime due to moral decline not socialising children properly
    -everyone has free will so every crime is a rational choice
    -need harsher punishments and military policing
  92. 92New Right solutions to crime community-like left wing, see collapse in community:
    -breaks down controls that limit crime
    -need to preserve order of social life, as each crime undermines faith in community
  93. 93New Right solutions to crime causes and solutions to collapse in community-breakdown of traditional family, nuclear family as priority. moral decline
    -make divorce harder, with 'cooling off' periods first and tax allowances for married couples
    -welfare for unmarried mothers reduced to stop women getting pregnant for benefits
  94. 94New Right solutions to crime Broken Window-Wilson 1982
    -never see a building with just one broken window. once one broken others are smashed, the building becomes focus for more deviance
    -stopping minor acts of crime will reduce serious crimes
  95. 95New Right solutions to crime New York 1980s-Zero tolerance in NY (followed by England)
    -NY changed from one of the murder capitals of the world into a safe city
    -3rd crime and you go to prison
  96. 96New Right solutions to crime prison-prison works
    -criminals make rational calculations
    -prison removes crime for the streets
    -deterrent
    -prison can't rehabilitate offenders
  97. 97New Right solutions to crime Newburn-sex offenders:
    -should be subject to surveillance, curfews and even castration
    -shouldn't rehabilitate them
  98. 98New Right solutions to crime practical (Environmental crime prevention)-increased car security, plastic glass
    -improve neighbourhood repair broken windows, clean graffiti etc.
    -lots of police who are intolerant of any deviance (zero tolerance policing)
    -maybe death penalty, and eye for an eye retribution
  99. 99New Right solutions to crime Murray1994
    -crime is a response to the generosity of the welfare state
    -we need to reduce benefits to motivate underclass to seek legitimate work
    -Murray is American, supported Ronald Reagan
  100. 100New Right solutions to crime retributive justiceVan den Haag:
    -criminal justice system needs to be harder (longer sentences, harsher in prison)
    -criminals seeing prison as soft
    -e.g.US capital punishment (some states), criminals break rocks/work in field
  101. 101New Right solutions to crime Marsland1992
    individuals are deprived of making their own choices as they are 'nannied' by the stae
  102. 102New Right solutions to crime Wilson1975
    the criminal engages in a rational calculation before committing the crime
  103. 103New Right solutions to crime punitive punishment and controlVan den Haag
    -if criminals see the costs of crime outweigh the benefits they'll be deterred
    -wants 3 strikes and you're out policy
    -recommends that parents who can't control their children should be jailed
  104. 104New Right solutions to crime surveillance-want more camera, CCTV, phone tapping etc. UK has highest number of CCTV cameras in western world, one for every 14 people
    -more military policing
  105. 105New Right solutions to crime The Troubled Families Programme-government launched 2011
    -change lives of poor parenting, abuse, violence, drug use + generational crime
    -saved tax payers by reducing costs in crime, housing, health and benefits
    -treated addictions, parenting programmes and support for adults getting jobs
  106. 106New Right solutions to crime critique-ignores that crime develops as consequence of poverty
    -many policies don't work e.g. CCTV doesn't solve problem, other factors reducing NY crime, ASBOs badge of honour
  107. 107Troubled Families Programme critique-labels families as 'troubled'
    -support not maintained
    -doesn't impact everyone
    -doesn't punish/remove those causing problems
  108. 108New Right solutions to crime critique-moving towards totalitarian society, losing privacy, under surveillance
    -focus on street crime, ignoring corporate and domestic crime
    -ignores circumstances e.g. stealing bread for family vs stealing expensive car
  109. 109Right Realism Wilson and Kelling1982
    -crimes flourished in situations where there is little social control
    -incivilities held in check by response of others
  110. 110Right Realism Wilson's influence-Wilson influenced by Etzioni (1993) who said only local communities can solve social problems, by confronting them
  111. 111Right Realism Wilson-the police shouldn't concentrate on law enforcement (law is not broken and arresting those who break the law)
    -should concentrate on order maintenance (small incivilities are crushed e.g. rowdy)
    -would mean a clear understanding of right and wrong
  112. 112where Wilson's policy can be seen-zero tolerance in NY in 1980s
    -so mainly working class crimes were focused on
    -ASBOs can be seen as a product of right realism
  113. 113The Risk Society-Giddens and Beck
    -society today is characterised by risk
    -e.g. young people pay more car insurance
    -weigh up risks
  114. 114Hobbs et al2000
    -'Night time economy'
    -shift from relying on police to using private firms who provide bouncers due to more violent incidences 9pm-3am
    -Manchester saturday night 30 police, 1000 bouncers

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AS level Sociology (Miss Shearman) Flashcards on Crime and Deviance part 3, created by becky sharrock on 18/01/2018.
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