Flashcards
China - KQ3
Cards in this deck (17)
- 1What was China's relation with the Soviet Union like? [1/- Relations with the Soviet Union developed quickly. Stalin and later Khrushchev were anxious to support the new PRC.
- Stalin sent 10,000 Soviet advisers to help the First Five Plan, which was itself modelled on Soviet methods.
- The Plan was a great success, largely as a result of Soviet advice.
- Relations with the Soviet Union began to change when Khrushchev began de-Stalinisation in 1956.
- Khrushchev criticised Stalin and reduced the powers of the secret police. Many political prisoners were released.
- Mao admired Stalin and believed that Khrushchev was deserting true communism.
- The split became wider when Khrushchev adopted the policy of Peaceful Co-existence.
- Khrushchev accepted that the West had a right to exist and that instead of a worldwide revolution, he wanted to make the USSR a modal country in order to evoke voluntary communist revolutions in other countries.
- Khrushchev criticised Chinese attacks on Taiwan in 1958 and refused to support the Great Leap Forward. - 2What was China's relation with the Soviet Union like? [2/- In 1959, Khrushchev withheld money that had been promised to Mao to help with the development of nuclear weapons.
- In 1960, at the World Communist Conference in Moscow, there were attempts to mend differences, but a war of words began.
- In 1960, the USSR withdrew it's experts from China.
- In 1962, there were clashes between Soviet and Chinese troops along the border and Khrushchev supported India in a border dispute with China.
- The Soviet Union and China were now virtual enemies.
- The main difference all along was Mao’s determination to use peasants to promote communism, while the Soviet Union used urban workers. - 3What was the treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual assistance?- Was between the USSR and China.
- Military aid given to China.
- Stalin, however, refused to give aid to conquer Taiwan, in fear that it may provoke the US. - 4What was the impact of Sino-Soviet Alliance?ji
- 5How did the Korean war effect relations between the USSR and China?- There was a lot of cooperation in the major decision making of the war however China provided the troops and suffered most of the casualties (900,000 wounded or killed).
- 6What was China's relations with Korea like?- At the end of the Second World War, Soviet troops occupied the north and US troops occupied the south. Korea was divided into North and South at the 38th parallel.
- In June 1950, North Korea invaded the South. The US ambassador to the UN asked the Security Council to pass a resolution calling on the North Koreans to withdraw.
- Two days later another resolution was passed. This time the Security Council voted to send military aid to South Korea.
- The resolutions were passed because in January 1950 the Soviet Union had withdrawn its ambassador from the UN in protest at the Chinese representative on the Security Council.
- When the UN forces arrived in Korea, the South Koreans had been forced back to the area around Pusan.
- The UN forces attacked the North Koreans and also landed behind them at Inchon on the west coast of Korea.
- The North was forced back almost to the Chinese border.
- The Chinese invaded Korea and forced the UN forces back. A stalemate developed close to the 38th parallel. - 7How was China's relationship with Vietnam like? [1/2]- After the Second World War Vietnam was returned to the French, the former colonial power. The French became involved in a struggle with the communist Vietminh.
- In 1950 the French government appealed to the US for support. By 1953 the USA was paying 70% of the costs of the war and spent $300,000,000 altogether.
- The USA wanted to prevent areas of the world falling under Communist influence.
- The Cold War was at its height in the late 1940s and early 1950s, when the French appealed to the USA for aid. The US government saw Vietnam as another Korea.
- Once the US became involved, it sent more and more aid in an effort to prevent all its investment being lost.
- After the French left in 1954, the USA continued to support the south, even after Diem seized power.
- Mao sent aid to Ho Chi Minh in the north and China continued to be the main supplied to military equipment to the Vietminh and later the Vietcong until the end of the war in 1975. - 8How was China's relationship with Vietnam like? [2/2]- Both Vietnamese forces adopted Mao’s guerrilla tactics in their struggles with the French and US armies.
- In both Korea and Vietnam, Mao wanted to spread communism by force; these gave rise to the ‘Domino Theory’, which meant that the USA was deeply suspicious of China. - 9What was China's relationship with Tibet like?- In 1951, Chinese forces invaded and occupied Tibet; Mao claimed that it was in fact a province of China.
- Tibet had been an independent Buddhist state from 1912 to 1951, but was now under Chinese communist control.
- Ethnic Tibetans were crushed if they attempted to revolt. - 10What was China's relationship with Taiwan like?- In 1949, Chiang Kaishek escaped from China to the island of Formosa, which was a province of China.
- He established the country of Taiwan, which until the 1970s, was a Permanent Member of the Security Council of the United Nations.
- China has never accepted the independence of Taiwan and regards it as Chinese territory.
- In 1958, Chinese warships bombarded Taiwan and there have been periodic attempts to undermine the Taiwanese government.
- These attempts have been unsuccessful. - 11What was China's relationship with India like?- There were repeated border clashes between Indian and Chinese forces in Sinkiang province in the 1950s and 1960s.
- China was also angry that India had given sanctuary to the Dalai Lama when he fled from Tibet in 1959 after a Tibetan uprising against the Chinese forces.
- The most serious attacks took place in October 1962, when Chinese forces attacked Indian in Assam and Ladakh.
- The Indian government had ordered outposts to be constructed across the dividing ‘McMahon Line’ with China
- Indian forces were taken by surprise and suffered several defeats.
- A cease-fire was agreed to November after a month of fighting.
- Chinese forces retreated, but maintained posts in advance of their pre-war positions - 12Why did China try to improve relations with the US after 1970?- Until the early 1970s, relations between the USA and China were poor.
- During the Cultural Revolution in the late 1960s, Chinese diplomats often behaved very badly under orders from Beijing.
- Relations began to improve when Nixon became US president in 1969.
- He announced US withdrawal from Vietnam, which China had always demanded.
- Détente was also developing between the USA and the Soviet Union and China was becoming increasingly isolated.
- Inside China, the end of the Cultural Revolution resulted in the re-emergence of Zhou Enlai, who was far n more moderate and westernised than Mao.
- Nixon and Mao adopted the policy of ‘ping-pong’ diplomacy. Table tennis teams visited each others country.
- The Chinese players, who were much stronger, were ordered to allow the US players to win some matches.
- Nixon visited China in 1972 and established friendly relations with Mao. - 13What were China's relations with Hong Kong like?- Hong Kong had been leased to the United Kingdom in 1898 for 99 years.
- Many other European countries had also leased Chinese ports, but all others had been given up with the exception of Portuguese Macao.
- Mao made no secret of his desire to regain Hong Kong, but despite its closeness to the mainland, no attempt was made to invade.
- Hong Kong was used as a way of contacting the outside world. It became an example of how China could benefit from some forms of capitalism. - 14How far was China established as a superpower by the time of Mao's death?- China was not an economic superpower when Mao died in 1976. The Chinese economy had suffered terribly during the Cultural Revolution and would take decades to recover.
- China was a military superpower in the sense that it had the manpower and the weapons, but lacked the ships and planes needed for a major conflict.
- One US film on the late 1960s, actually portrayed Chinese soldiers digging a tunnel under the Pacific Ocean and emerging to attack the USA. - 15How have relations between China and it's neighbours improved since the death of Mao? [1/2]- Taiwan – increasing economic contact and trade. Deng appeared initially to be in favour of even recognising possibility of two Chinas existing. However later clarified position, explaining that Taiwan could become part of China again but remain capitalist and not have to adopt same economic system as mainland.
- HOWEVER – the political demands of both countries do not change, both Taiwan and mainland China continue to believe that they should have sovereignty over all of China.
- Hong Kong – 1997, Deng’s major foreign policy success, he is able to negotiate ownership of the entirety of Hong Kong, even areas owned permanently by Britain. Achieves this by agreeing to keep Hong Kong capitalist for 50 years.
- Tibet – Initially, an easing of tensions. However Tibet refuse to celebrate anniversary of the creation of their being integrated into China, huge protests and clashes erupt. The Chinese clamp down on a protest that is even bigger than those in Tiananmen Square – Deng is infuriated when the Dalai Lama is awarded Nobel Peace Prize a few years later. - 16How have relations between China and it's neighbours improved since the death of Mao? [2/2]- Vietnam – Relations continue to worsen. China invade Vietnam in response to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia to remove Khmer Rouge regime. Chinese army have terrible casualties in Vietnam and relations remain soured until the collapse of the Soviet Union a decade later.
- 17How have relations between the US and China improved since Mao's death?- Deng improves relations through his opening up of China to world trade to modernise China. US and China develop an important trading relationship, and both countries begin to depend on each other’s economies. Trade relationship is so important US is willing to overlook major human rights violations, e.g Tiananmen Square.
- HOWEVER, despite trade relationship, violent crackdowns in China prove that China still violates human rights and as a result US is vocally critical of China at times. This culminates in China losing its bid to host Olympics in 2000, which they had invested heavily in trying to win.
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- Year 11 History (China) Flashcards on China - KQ3, created by max bresges on 27/02/2018.
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