Flashcards
Chapter 5: Memory Models
Cards in this deck (101)
- 1what is the information- processing approach?-a set theories
aims to explain human action by showing how we take info from surroundings, make decisions on basis of our interpretation of that info - 2list some of the things a badminton player has take in with the surroundings of the court / do to respond- position/actions of opponent sending shuttle over net
- decide what to do in returning shot
- has to activate relevant muscles to do task - 3draw the simplest information processing modelfigure 5.2 pg 82
- 4what is a input?- info from environment
-received via senses - 5what does decision making involve?- involves combo of recognition, perception + memory processes
- used to select an appropriate response to situation - 6what is an output?- the response the player makes
- output becomes a form of input/feedback
e.g. some kind of movement - 7how does feedback occur?- as player perceives the outcome of their response
- becomes part of the input for more decision making - 8what is a display?- almost all of the immediate environment (various things act as input)
- performer can select from display various inputs that are relevant to activity using their senses - 9what are the senses called used to collect info ? what senses are predominantly used in sport?- known as receptor system
- vision, hearing + proprioception - 10information is passed to and from the brain by the nervous system, describe the 2 parts of this system1) Central nervous system = brain + spinal cord
2) peripheral nervous system = nerves that connect spinal cord with all parts of the body, going out from (efferent system) + returning to (afferent system) the CNS - 11what does the afferent system transport?- info to CNS about events that are happening inside + outside the body
- 12what does the efferent system transmit?info from CNS to muscles
- muscles then activated to perform skill/move - 13what is audition? how is light detected?audition = vision + hearing
-light falls on retina at back of eye
-retina convrts light into electrical impulses
- impulses trasnmitted to brain
= see image through visual perception - 14how does hearing work?-sound waves vibrate eardrum
- vibrations converted into electrical impulses
-transmitted to brain - 15what is proprioception ?-how we know how our body is...
orientated in space
the extenet our muscles are contracted/joints extended
- 3 compononents : touch, equilibrium + kinaesthesis (known as internal input) - 16what does touch enable us to feel?- feel pain, pressure + temp
- mainly use pressure in sport e.g. if struck ball hard , if climbing partner is on tight rope - 17what is equilibrium?- sense that tells you when your body is.. balanced
tipping/turning/inverting
improtant for divers + gymnasts so can orientate themselves in space- done by sense organs in middle of ear - 18what is kinaesthesis?-sense that informs brain of the movement/state of contraction of muscles, tendons + joints
- 19how does a performer use kinaesthesis?- trained athlete knowns if movement done right by seeing its effect + using kinaesthesis to sense how movement felt to perform
- type of intrinsic feedback - 20describe selective attention?- post input performer has to make decision based on all info available
- but as so much info they must select which is relevant
- this selection = selective attention - 21define perception- stimulus identification
- 22what must the athlete do when info is received from the enviro?- needs to make sense of it
- interpret it
- identify elements which are relevant + important - 23describe the first 2 components of perceptiondetection - performer becomes aware of something notable around them e.g. where ball is
comparison - performer compare what is happening to their past experience of similar situations e.g. training - 24describe the final element of perceptionrecognition - performer realises what is happening requires an activity in response
perception summarised in DCR system- detection, comparison + recognition system - 25what is involved in attention?- amount of info we can cope with (info we can attend to limited) = limited attentional capacity
- relevance of info = only attend relevant info + disregard irrelevant info = selective attention - 26where does selective attention send info to ?- info passed to short-term memory which give time for conscious analysis
- good performer can focus totally on important aspects of their skill + exclude other elements - 27what happens when some parts of a performance becomes automatic?- info relevant to those parts don't require attention
- gives performer spare attentional capacity
- enables performer to attend to new elements of skill like tactics - 28what will the coach need to help the performer with concerning selective attention?- help performer make best use of spare attentional capacity
- need to direct attention of performer so they can concentrate on task + reduce the chance of attentional switching to irrelevant info / distractions - 29how can you develop selective attention?- lots of relevant practice
- increase intensity of the stimulus
-use of verbal/ kinaesthetic cues to focus on important info
-use visualisation/mental rehearsal
-watch video replays - refine technique - 30how can a coach help develop an athlete's selective attention?-they direct attention of player + give appropriate feedback aimed to improve athletes motivation/ alertness
- use conc exercises (e.g. play with distracting background)
-develop performance rituals that triggers focuses attention that leads to good performance - 31what are the benefits of selective attention?- athletes avoid distractions
-better chance of making right decisions
- improves reaction time
-helps performer make quick decisions
-helps regulate performers arousal/anxiety levels
-reduces chance of potential memory overload - 32what happens post selective attention?- response selection
- now correct item picked by senses from multiple outputs
- the correct response is decided - 33what happens after response selection?- the appropriate motor programme (which muscles to activate) is decided to achieve decided response
- called response programming
-this is almost automatically linked to the programming + output - 34draw Welford's info processing modelfigure 5.9 pg 86
- 35in Welford's model what is the.. display perceptual mechanismdisplay: range of actions + things happening in surrounding enviro
perceptual mechanism: part of brain which perceives surroundings via sight, sound + touch - 36in Welford's model what is the.. Decision mechanism Effector mechanismDecision mechanism: pair of brain which makes decisions
effector mechanism: part of brain that carries out decisions + sends messages to limbs/parts of body which act out relevant skill - 37what is intrinsic feedback?-
- informs brain what actually happens to the body
- via proprioceptors
- informs brain about balance, muscle tension, limb position.... - 38what is extrinsic feedback?feedback from result of actions made
e.g. what happens in game/performance
- results feedback as part of the display (for next decision) - 39Whiting's model describes in more detail how info is processed during exercise draw the model for Whiting's model of information processingfigure 5.10 pg 86
- 40how is input data from display generated?- info from environment
- enters brain via sensory organs
e.g. before catch ball catcher sees ball/aware of throwers movement - 41what are the sensory organs which receive info called in Whiting's model? what is the perceptual mechanism?-sensory organs called receptors systems in Whiting's model
-perceptual mechanism: part of brain that perceives surroundings + gives them meaning
- - 42what is the translator mechanism?part of the brain that makes decisions
- sorts out + processes few relevant bits of info from many inputs from surroundings - 43what is the effector mechanism?-part of brain that carries out decisions + sends messages to limbs/part of body via nervous system
- 44what does the output involve?- the effectors mechanism + muscular system
- nerve sends message to muscle which moved in order to do action
e.g. catch ball - 45what is feedback data?- info used during + after an action/movement
- enables performer to adjust / change performance according to new info - 46how is a games player able to switch attention from the opponent to the ball to the grip on the bat very quickly ?- possible as all the info that enters sensory system held for very short time
- in memory section called short-term sensory store (STSS) - 47is all the senses held in the same store? what happens within these store or stores?- no suggested there is a separate store for each sense
- in stores the coded message for each stimulus compared with all info held in long-term memory to allow it to be identified/recognised - 48how long is each stimulus held in the short-term sensory store?- short term store has large capacity but only retain stimulus for less than a second
-so comparison to long-term memory must be done quick - 49what is the perceptual mechanisms role in the memory system?- decides if stimulus relevant or not
- if not important the sensory memory held in short-term sensory store of stimulus fades + is lost
- all done without conscious thought - 50what is the purpose of the short-term sensory store?- purpose : filter out irrelevant info so system isn't overloaded
- 51what is the difference between intentional attention and involuntary attention?intentional attention: looking for a particular stimulus
involuntary attention: particular stimulus catches our attention
focus on both by process of selective attention - 52what does the focusing of attention cause?- the passing of the selected info into the short term memory
- here goes through more detailed processing - 53what is short-term memory?hold info for up to 30 secs + allows it to be consciously analysed
- can carry between 5-9 separate items of info (can be improved by chunking) - 54draw the memory modelfigure 5.12 pg 87
- 55explain the memory model- short term sensory storage: receives info + holds for less than 1 sec prior to processing , if unimportant forgotten
- selective attention: sorts out relevant bits of info from those received here
-short term memory: keeps worthy info for 20-30 secs
- info used for decision making (decide action) or passed to long-term memory for permanent storage - 56what is long-term memory?- part of the brain which retains info for long periods of time
- only very well-learned info is stored
- LTM is limitless + not forgotten but may need code for info to be recalled - 57define reaction time? what type of ability is this?reaction time : time between the onset of a stimulus + the start of the response
an inherent ability - 58their are a range of stimulus that trigger reaction time put them in order of the stimuli that triggers the fastest reaction time pain or smell, kinaesthesia, hearing, touch , visionkinaesthesia, hearing, touch, vision, pain or smell
known as simple reaction time - 59define response timetime it takes to process information + than to make a response
e.g.
response time = reaction time + movement time - 60define movement time draw a graph to show hicks lawmovement time : time it takes to complete the onset of a movement
figure 5.13 pg 88 - 61explain Hicks law- if several stimuli present but only 1 selected for response athlete has to choose which stimulus to respond to
- the more choices a person has= more info needs processing= longer it takes to process info= slower reaction time - 62list the factors affecting reaction time- age
-gender
-stimulus intensity
- height
- arousal levels
- importance of cues
-anticipation - 63how does age + gender impact reaction time?age: older = slower reaction time
gender= males quicker than females but reaction time reduce less with age for females - 64how does stimulus intensity impact reaction time?- increase in stimulus intensity= improve reaction time
e.g. the louder the bang the quicker the start of go - 65how does height impact reaction time?taller= slower reaction time
- as greater distance for the info to travel from performers brain to active muscles - 66how does arousal levels + important cues impact reaction time?arousal levels: optimum reaction time when performer alert but not over aroused
important cues: performer will attend to most important cue 1st - 67how can an athlete anticipate a stimulus? how does this affect reaction times?read body language / position of others (might give cue that enables performer to anticipate stimulus)
- if anticipate stimulus = quicker reaction time - 68how can a coach help improve an athletes reaction time?- use reaction speed drills that incorporate single/choice reaction times
- coach performers to anticipate (reduce time to responds to stimulus and learns to detect cues )
- improve decision making by working on game situations providing opportunities to work on different aspects of the game - 69give an advantage of detecting cues?- players can start to position themselves for expected stimulus
- giving them more time to do action - 70why should performers warm up (concerning reaction time)- warms up the sense organs + nervous system to read to transmit info
- to muscles so they can act on it
= quicker reaction time - 71what is the psychological refractory period?- what happens following an initial stimulus and there is presentation of a 2nd stimulus (very closely afterwards)
- the PRP is the time lag that occurs in responding to the 2nd stimuli
- lag due to the response of the 1st stimulus still being processed and cant start 2nd response till 1st completely processed - 72draw a diagram to represent the psychological refractory periodpg 89 image 5.15
- 73what does the Psychological refractory period show?- the slowing down of processing info between relevant stimulus + appropriate response
- 74give 1 example of a sport where the psychological refractory period is applied- rugby: person who can do a multiple dummy (fake 2 ways than move a third direction) can leave opposition with no time to react= no tackle
- 75explain the single channel theory- performer can attend to only 1 thing at a time
- so info is processed sequentially (one after another) - 76how does the single channel theory suggests attentional switching occurs?- attentional switching occurs by transferring attention from 1 situation to another
- so attention shared between to situations only 1 attended to at a time
- this can only be done if each situation requires a small attentional capacity - 77what is anticipation?the ability to predict future events from early signs or past events
- 78what is temporal anticipation? what is spatial anticipation?pre-judging when the future event will occur
prejudging where and what the future event will be - 79what can benefits if a performer learns to anticipate certain actions?-reaction time
e.g. good performers start running motor programme before the stimulus is fully recognised anticipating strength , speed e.t.c of stimulus
- enables them to partially eliminate the psychological refractory period - 80how can a performer lengthen how long an opponent takes to react?-by increasing no. of choices of stimulus they have (Hicks law) e.g. increasing no. of fake moves
- 81give 2 ways response/ reaction times can be improvedvia use of these tactics...
- detecting the cue: stimulus sorted out from the background
- Warm up: ensures sense organs/nervous system + muscles are in optimum state to transit info/ muscles act on it
- - 82how does concentration and controlling anxiety aid improving response times ? how may they develop these tactics?concentration= involves change in attentional focus, performer practices switching concentration from 1 situation to another
anxiety control= greater anxiety = slower reaction , reduce by using calming strategies - 83what does the schema theory explain?- how sports performers can undertake so many actions with little conscious control
- 84the long term memory isn't big enough to store every motor control required, how does the Schema theory suggest this is addressed?-says that a generalised motor programme exists
-can be modified by taking in info while skills done
= LTM has fewer programmes as any new movement done by running schema that closely matches needs of movement - 85how does the size of the schema effect its role? how can you improve a schema- larger = more efficient the movement
- lots of varied practices is need to improve a schema
- feedback used to correct/update schema - 86what is 2 elements make up a schema ?1) recall schema = all the info needed to start relevant movement
2) recognition schema - 87recall schema = is all the info needed to start a movement - list the info this involves-knowledge of the environment
-playing conditions (weather, pitch)
- positions of team/opponents
-condition of equipment
- the response specifications - 88what is the response specifications? what does this include?response specifications = correct technical model
=includes..
-speed/force needed
- size/shape of movement
-technique + styles used - 89when is the recall schema important?-used for quick ballistic movements
- when not enough time to process feedback - 90what info does the recognition schema have?- info needed to correct errors/remember correct performance
- Info about evaluating response
-sensory consquences (feeling/look of perofrmance)
- response outcomes (results of performance/knowledge of results) - 91when is the recognition schema used?- used when there is enough time to process feedback/ evaluate performance
read pg 91 student note - 92give a sporting application of tennis to the schema theory- serve in tennis
- most movement required done by a single schema
- players brain click onto schema rather than thousands of tiny element tht make up serve - 93how does the recall schema influence the tennis serve?-gives info of court (playing surface/position of opponent)
- gives info on speed of serve needed + direction
-serve performed with no feedback as too quick - 94how does the recognition schema influence the tennis serve?-gives sensory consequences
-e.g. where ball landed
- response outcome
e.g. was it returned/ right direction
-feedback used to inform player of their next movement - 95is the same schema used in each serve?no different schema used
- looks similar to 1st serve
-feel completely different
- needs to differ as if not performer may use wrong serve at wrong time in game - 96what makes Andy Murray a good tennis player concerning schemas?ABLE TO SWITCH BETWEEN SCHEMAS
-USE 1ST SCHEMA WHEN NORMALLY 2ND SCHEMA (SERVE) WOULD BE DONE - 97How can retention of info in the memory be improved? (improve info processing)by improving
-input
-chunking
-chaining/association
-Schema
-Response time - 98how can input improve retention of info?- improve clarity= better retention
- educate performer on details of skill
- explain what/how to do skill
-instruction , advice is simple
- separate similar skills so performer can distinguish between them
-don't overload short term memory - 99how does chunking improve retention ?- more info held in STM if info lumped together (chunking)
- 100how does chaining improve retention?- if link new info with old learnt info
= easier to learn all info
- multiple links can form a chain = easier to remember - 101how does schema improve retention?- practice (many reps of skill = better performance/ % of success)
- practice of correct technical model = better schema formed + better performance done
- reps of skill makes it easier to be remember better
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- A levels Physical Education Flashcards on Chapter 5: Memory Models , created by Jade B on 03/05/2018.
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