GoConqr has a new look! Let us know what you think.

Sign up free

Flashcards

Anaemia

Katherine Chin Haematology English 25 cards

Cards in this deck (25)

  1. 1Describe the overall structure of haemoglobin.Tetramer consisting of 4 protein globin chains and a haem ring.
  2. 2Describe the genetics of haemoglobin.Chromosome 16: 2 areas that produce alpha chains.
    Chromosome 11: non-alpha chains
  3. 3Describe the differences in Hb structure through development.- At 12 weeks gestation embryonic Hb switched for foetal Hb (HbF).
    - After birth HbF slowly replaced by HbA and HbA2
    (HbF has a higher affinity for oxygen than HbA in order to transfer oxygen from the mother to foetus).
  4. 4HbF.2 alpha, 2 gamma
  5. 5HbA.2 alpha, 2 beta
  6. 6HbA22 alpha, 2 delta.
  7. 7Post-translational modifications of Hb. Carboxyhaemoglobin.Binding of CO at the O2 binding sites. Fatal in high doses.
    Higher in smokers.
  8. 8Post-translational modifications of Hb. Carbaminohaemoglobin.Normal to have. CO2 complexed with Hb. Accounts for 10% of CO2 carriage.
  9. 9Post-translational modifications of Hb. Methohaemoglobin.Hb containing ferric form of iron (Fe3+) rather than ferrous.
    Normal to have <2%. Symptoms occur if reaches 10%.
    Cannot carry oxygen until reduced by metHb reductase.
    Can be precipitated by some drugs eg. trimethoprim.
  10. 10Post-translational modifications of Hb. Sulphaemoglobin.Cannot carry oxygen. Cannot be reversed.
    Caused by sulphur containing drugs.
  11. 11What are the causes of microcytic anaemia? <83fLIron deficiency
    Thalassaemia
    Anaemia of chronic disease
  12. 12Where is iron absorbed?Duodenum.
  13. 13What are the presentations of iron deficiency?Angular stomatitis.
    Sore mouth.
    More uncommon: koilonychia, pharyngeal and oesophageal webs.
  14. 14What are the lab features of iron deficiency?- Microcytic hypochromic anaemia: cells appear pale. Central pallor >1/3 of cell size.
    - "Pencil cell": RBC appear long and oblong shaped.
    - Low serum ferritin and iron.
    - Low iron stores in bone marrow
    - Increased TIBC and serum transferrin
  15. 15What are the causes of normocytic anaemia?- Acute blood loss
    - Haemolysis
    - Bone marrow infiltration
    - Anaemia of chronic disease
    - Combined haematinic deficiency
  16. 16What happens in anaemia of chronic disease?There is EPO suppression. ->
    Reduced RBC survival. Iron sequestration in macrophages and failure to transport to the erythroblasts.
    Treat: EPO + Fe.
  17. 17What causes macrocytic anaemia?- B12/folate deficiency
    - Hypothyroidism
    - Alcohol excess
    - Liver disease
    - Myelodysplastic
    - Haemolysis.
  18. 18How is Vitamin B12 absorbed?Combines with intrinsic factor and is then absorbed at the terminal ileum.
  19. 19What does lack of IF cause?Pernicious anaemia.
  20. 20What are the clinical features of VitB12 deficiency?Glossitis; neurological deficits; jaundice; anaemia.
  21. 21What is the pathophysiology of Vitb12 deficiency?Anaemia results from inhibition of DNA synthesis.
    Jaundice is related to the reduced cell survival.
  22. 22Where is B9 absorbed?Jejunum.
  23. 23What drugs can cause B12 deficiency?Anti-convulsants.
  24. 24How do you treat vitamin B12 or folate deficiency?B before F!!!
    Otherwise risk of subacute degeneration of the cord (with permanent neurological sequelae).
  25. 25What is combined haematinic deficiency?If you have B12 deficiency and iron deficiency this can appear normocytic.
    Important to look at the blood film

Information

Description
Haematology Flashcards on Anaemia, created by Katherine Chin on 09/06/2018.
Created by
Katherine Chin
Views
0
Rating

Feedback

What is it about?

What do you think of the new look?

How do you like it?