15301528
Description
Flashcards by Sebastian Goth, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Sebastian Goth
over 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Exam 2 periods | Greek geometric Greek archaic Greek classical Hellenistic Etruscan Roman Early christian |
| What is an amphora? | a storage jar |
| What is a Calyx Crater | a krater for mixing wine or to be used as a grave marker with upturned handles similar to the calyx flower |
| explain black figure technique vs red figure technique | black figure technique- black figure with a red background. Achieved by painting slip in the positive space and chiseling off the black for detail after firing red figure technique- red figure with a black background. Achieved by painting slip in the negative space and detail work before firing |
| what are the Kouros and Kore? | kouros- young man kore- young woman |
| Archaic smile | a smile in the greek archaic time on sculpture indicative not of happiness but symbolic of nobility and an idealized state |
| Title- Funerary krater Period- Greek geometric location- Athens date- 750-700 BCE additional info- Used as place to mix water and wine or as a tombstone, in this case as a tombstone, which makes sense with the given subject matter- It has 2 main registers, both of which expressing a pictorial record of funerary rituals associated with the deceased. the top register depicts the deceased laid out on a funeral table covered by a funerary shroud above with relatives and friends surrounding them paying their respects, including his wife and child, all making a gesture of mourning- both hands to head. The bottom register shows a solemn procession of horses, chariots, and foot soldiers showing his possible involvement in the military or an evocation of the deceased's ancestor and one of his ancestors may have been part of the military. The geometric shapes and a flat depth of field share a Minoan influence. The Greeks believed that after death the dead entered a place of mystery so funerary art focuses on the emotions of the survivors. | |
| Title- Ajax and Achilles Playing a Game Period- Greek Archaic artist- Exekias date- 540-530 BCE additional info- This piece of pottery is an amphora, or a type of storage vessel. This pot utilized black figure technique where the figures are painted all in slip that turns black while firing then the details are carved out after to expose the red clay. Here marks the end of segmented registers and the beginning of a single narrative scene on the body. This piece follows new stylistic conventions- orderly composition that mirrors the shapes of the vessel or canvas. On the body is depicted a scene showing ajax and Achilles playing a dice game, it ironic because according to the inscriptions pouring out of their mouths, Achilles had the higher number. The irony comes into play as Achilles will soon lose his life to an arrow in the ankle and ajax will commit suicide in despair. | |
| Title- Death of Sarpedon Period- Greek Archaic artist- Euphronios date- 515 BCE additional info- This an example of red figure technique- a technique in which the background and details are painted with slip to produce a black color and the red of the clay forms the positive space. this technique allowed for livelier composition, more dimension, and greater realism. this is on a calyx crater, a pot with upturned handles that mimic the calyx flower. This shows the Greek hero, Sarpedon, son of Zeus. he fought and died in the Trojan war, and is depicted here being carried off by personifications of sleep (hypnos) and death (hinatos) supervised by the messenger god Hermes to the underworld. the wings of sleep and death mirrors the upturned handles. | |
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Kouros (binary/octet-stream)
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Title- Kouros Period- Greek Archaic location- Anavysos date- 530 BCE additional info- This figure was a grave marker, it does not depict the dead but commemorates the dead who was an aristocratic war figure, This figure is nude, idealized, and embodies the concept of heroism. There's an Egyptian influence in the pose, it is rigid with the arms at the sides and one foot in front of the other. The Greek conventions in this is the interest in realistic anatomy, while the stylized hair and big eyes come from the ancient near eastern region. He has an archaic smile, or a smile to show an idealized mind frame rather than happiness. it represented religious purity because his nudity. |
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Kore (binary/octet-stream)
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Title- Kore Period- Greek Archaic location- Athens date- 530 BCE additional info- With the same stylizations as the kouros, this figure was placed in a temple to artemis shown by the painted remains of a row of animals around the bottom of her skirt. While in the case of the kouros, nudity meant religious purity, but for female figure that was unacceptable so she represented an aesthetic and athletic ideal. |
| explain contrapasto | a gentle standing pose with opposing alternation of tension and relaxation along an axis, or the spine. |
| Title- Kritios boy Period- Greek Classical location- Athens date- 480 BCE additional info- This piece marks the start of the Greek classical period wherein contrapasto is developed as is an increased interest in human anatomy. Its a beginning of a greater naturalism and realism in style for the Greeks. As an early example of this shift he is still fairly stiff but still convincing. | |
| title-A symposium scene period-Greek Classical place-Poseidonia date-480 BCE additional info- this would be part of a tomb for a young man, the fresco in the wall of the tomb depicts a symposium, which was a place for social gatherings between the elite men. these gatherings would be places for conversation, music, food, wine and making love. Pictued is 3 groups of men, the one by himself to the left is holding his cup out in toast to presumably someone entering or leaving. The men in the middle are drinking and the younger is flicking the dregs of his drink at the man in front of him. The two to the right are getting intimate. It was found in posiedonia, which was in southern Italy but still a Greek city-state. As for the significance of this fresco in relation to the fact its a tomb, there are three theories. it could be a scene of pleasure that would be what the deceased would meet in the afterlife, it could also be a reference to the funerary feasting surrounding his death, or it could be an indicator for the status of the deceased as only the high class could enter symposiums. | |
| Title- a diver Period- Greek Classical location- Poseidonia date- 480 BCE additional info- Found in the same tomb as the symposium scene, this diver caught mid-dive represents the deceased's plunge into death and the unknown | |
| What is Doric order? what is ionic order? | the order in which columned structures are arranged to indicate conventions for either ionic columns, which are more intricate, or Doric columns, which are simpler. |
| in an ionic order, identify the column, base, shaft, capital, and volute | the column refers to the entirety of the vertical pillar, the base refers to the platform underneath the shaft which is the main pillar that elevated the roof, the capital is the piece on top of the shaft that supports the roof, and the volute is the curly decoration on the capital of ionic columns. |
| what is a pediment? | a deep triangular shelf depressed into the roof of a structure that would have held sculptures in the round. |
| What is a frieze? | the section above the columns but below the roof, it would have been a smooth continuous un-embellished panel within ionic order, and a segmented piece of square stone slabs that would alternate between 2 types in doric order. |
| what is a triglyph and metope? | the segmented pieces of the frieze within doric order, triglyphs were slabs with vertical stripes carved in, and metopes were slabs that would harbor a relief carving on its surface, usually of 2 figures. |
| who were Perikles and Pheidias? | Perikles was the leader of Athens, so before the Persian war they had begun to build their acropolis, the place where the Parthenon would stand, and during that war the Persians destroyed their progress. After the war, the Athenians wanted to leave it destroyed to commemorate the battle and the lives lost, but Perikles wanted it rebuilt to display the prominence and strength of Athens even during hard times and to bolster the public morale of the citizens as well as to honor Athena, goddess of wisdom and victory in battle, whom they believed to be the one who ensured their success in the war. So, as he was leader it was done. He contracted his friend, Pheidias to oversee the project as he was a renowned sculptor. Pheidias took many years and much funds to build the parthenon and acropolis, making it very lavish, and was chastised by the higher class citizens for it but it made many jobs and money for the working classes. |
| What does acropolis mean? | tall city |
| what is an entasis? | the bulge within the center of a column to fool the eye into thinking it to be perfectly strait when looking up at it. |
| what is the cella? | the central room of the temple that would harbor a massive cult statue of a deity for people to present offerings, but only those approved by the priests would be allowed to enter. |
| what was the Panathenaic procession? | the most important civic/religious festival for the Athenians. It was devoted to Athena, their patron goddess, and held every 4 years. Within this the women of Athens would come to the temples of Athena and clothe the statues of her. |
| what are caraytids? | a stone carving of a draped female figure, used as a pillar to support the entablature of a Greek building. |
| define canon? | the body of rules, principles, or standards accepted as unquestionable and universally binding |
| what is a collande? | a series of columns |
| title- Parthenon period-Greek Classical place- Athens date- 447-432 BCE additional info- this was the religious center of Athens in the acropolis, work began before the Persian war, and after it was destroyed so Perikles, the leader of Athens, and Pheidias, a friend to Perikles and a sculptor, set to rebuilding it. It holds the key parts of Greek classical architecture- balance, order, and harmonious proportion. There's more emphasis on the outside of the structure and to get to it you would have had to ascend a steep sloped ramp that first passed the smaller temple of Nike. It primarily is a temple to Athena, but also commemorates the Athenian victory over the Persians by glorifying Athens' political power and testifies to the city's wealth and power. It was made in Doric order, and because they wanted it to look perfect they broke the convention of the perfection in their architectural structures to combat tricks of the eye when looking at such a large structure such as curving the entablature slightly upward to make it look strait and not droopy, and the columns slant slightly | |
| Parthenon continued--> | inwards and bulge at the center so as to appear perfectly strait. |
| title- Three goddesses from the Parthenon period-Greek Classical place- Athens date- 447-432 BCE additional info- these sculptures in the round were placed inside the pediment shelf of the Parthenon and secured with metal pins, they were life size and slant downward to accommodate for the slant in the triangular roof of the shelf. they were on the front of the Parthenon, and are carved with exaggerated drapery that clings to the body to both suggest the bodily form as it was inappropriate to show females nude at this time, and to look convincing and recognizable from far away. | |
| title- Lapith fighting a centaur from the Parthenon period-Greek Classical place- Athens date- 447-432 BCE additional info- this was one of a series of metope carvings on the triglyph of the Parthenon, it was a series depicting the battle between the civilized humans and the barbaric centaurs coming from the story of the lapith, who were an ancient tribe of Greeks who lived by a forest and there were centaurs that lived in that forest. The lapith were having a grand wedding and to be good neighbors invited the centaurs who wrecked the ceremony and kidnapped and raped the women so the lapith fought back. It illustrates the struggle between civilized and uncivilized and through this is a metaphor for the Athenian battle with the Persians. Idealized, express a sense of naturalism, balance, order, athletic and aesthetic ideals, harmonious proportions. | |
| Title- Erechtheion Period- Greek classical location- Athens date- 421-406 BCE additional info- This structure was built on uneven terrain so the rooms are on different levels. Each different room has a different purpose, one dedicated to the first kings of Athens, another dedicated to Poseidon, and the third to Athena. The contest between Athena and Poseidon supposedly was held here and the stone Poseidon struck to provide a water source to the people along with Athena's olive tree was nearby. on this structure is the porch of maidens, it faces the Parthenon and is created by 6 caryatids as the pillars. they're shown in contrapposto and the three on the left mirror those on the left in pose creating a sense of closure and rhythm. there are two theories for them, one is that they are serving penance for war by holding the roof, or it could just be a pretty sculpture to show off the Greek craftsmanship. | |
| Title- Nike adjusting her scandal Period- Greek classical location- Athens date- 410-405 BCE additional info- Nike, the goddess of victory in war, is pictured here on this marble panel, that was placed on the wall surrounding a smaller temple in the acropolis. She looks unstable but her wings had originally balanced her form and gave her more harmonious proportion. The delicate transparent drapery indicates the form without explicit showing it. | |
| Title- Spear bearer Period- Greek classical artist- Polykleitos date- 450-440 BCE additional info- this is a roman marble copy of the original Greek bronze sculpture. They added the tree trunk and wrist support to provide structure to the marble that the previous bronze hadn't needed as it was hollow. follows and makes famous canon of proportions. | |
| Title- Man scraping himself Period- Greek classical Artist- Lysippos date- 350 BCE additional info- departed from polykleitos's famous canon of proportions, and made his own that had a smaller head along with a few other smaller changes. this is also a roman marble copy of a bronze original. This man is using a scraper to scrape off the dirt and sweat after a workout. the fig leaf over his genitalia is not Greek, but roman. | |
| Title- Aphrodite of knidos Period- Greek classical Artist- Praxiteles date- 350 BCE additional info- this marked a change in the representation of females, first female nude by a prominent sculptor! this shows Aphrodite taking a bath, he changes the canon of proportions to fit the female body as this nude representation of females becomes accepted so long as modesty implied, as is shown in this sculpture with her hand over her genitalia, her averted gaze and thighs together. sets standard for female contrapposto. a recreated version of several roman copies spliced together to repair damages. | |
| define Pergamon and Pergamenes | Pergamon is a city placed in current day turkey and the people are called Pergamenes |
| who were the Celtic Gauls? | People of Celtic origin living all over Europe and fought the Hellenistic Greeks |
| what is a torc? | a rope necklace that the celtic Gauls wore around their necks to denote their high status and were sometimes given to heroic warriors |
| define barbarian | opposite of civilized |
| talk about the Hellenistic period. | Athens and Sparta had a war that fragmented Greece into its city states, and the Macedonian king defeated many city states and became ruler of all Greece. Macedonia prepared to expand east, but the king died and Alexander the great, his son, took over the military campaign. at the beginning of the Hellenistic period, Alexander died and the empire split into 3 general's power making 3 Hellenistic kingdoms that were all absorbed by the Romans at the end of the Hellenistic period. |
| Title- Dying Gaul Period- Hellenistic location- Pergamon date- 220 BCE additional info- a roman marble copy of a Hellenistic bronze original. The Gaul were people of celtic origin that fought the pergamon people for land. he is depicted wearing a torc to show him as a dignified warrior, even though he is a dying enemy warrior. he is shown trying to get up even though he is seen to be in excruciating pain and near to death by his face. We know he's a Gaul because he is pictured differently from the Greek idealized canons. Shows the key characteristics of Hellenistic anti classical work- intense emotion, expressiveness, work elicits emotion response in viewer, and it is dramatic and theatrical. | |
| Title- Altar of zeus Period- Hellenistic location- pergamon date- 175 BCE additional info- this was located in present day turkey, and was discovered by the Germans in many thousands of fragments of the high relief sculptures while the rest if the building is a reconstruction. the figures around the stairs are over life size, and shows the fight between the gods and the giants that symbolized the fight between good and evil/ civilized and uncivilized. It also stood as a representation of the pergamene's victory over the Gaul. It was at the acropolis of pergamon, and was a shrine to Zeus made of a colonnade in ionic order. the building has a horseshoe shape to it. | |
| Title- Athena attacking the giants from the altar of zeus Period- Helenistic location- Pergamon date- 175 BCE additional info- the emphasis on the exterior of the building from the Greeks is till prominent, but the movement and emotion has significantly increased, and the movement is chaotic. Plus, women, such as Nike, are shown as powerful. the super high relief creates the effect that it's spilling out into reality. Athena in middle grasping hair of giant, giant shown in pain being forced to ground, earth goddess below pleading Athena for the life of her son (the giant) and Nike to the right crowning Athena the victor. | |
| Title- Laocoon and his sons Period- Hellenistic location- Rhodes date- 1st century BCE additional info- Laocoon was a Trojan priest that tried to warn troy about the Greek wooden horse and tell them it was a trap, but nobody listened to him and troy was destroyed, and for almost revealing the Greek trick, the gods on the Athenian side sent serpents to kill him and his sons as punishment. sense of struggle and emotion! the older sons face is horrified, younger son is dead or dying, and Laocoon is in great pain. | |
| Title- Nike of samothrace Period- Hellenistic location- samothrace date- 180 BCE additional info- this marble statue of Nike was originally on the prow of a ship and had a fountain about her that would splash water up at her. Perhaps this commemorates a naval victory? the drama in this piece is heavy, the forward momentum expressed by her stance and the windswept clothing and raised wings puts emphasis on theatricality. | |
| what is a tumulous mound? | a domed burial tomb with earth heaped over that would grow grass, they were lavishly decorated inside with many frescos and items, but the outsides are very simplistic. They're laid out in cemeteries like towns connected with little roads. From an areal view, the graveyard looks like a natural landscape. wealthier citizens had larger tumulous mounds. They are similar to Egyptian rock cut tombs and beehive tombs. |
| What is tufa? | volcanic rock that hardens when meeting air, a common building material during the Etruscan period. |
| define sarcophagus | a casket for dead bodies that was placed within tombs for the deceased. In the Etruscan times, it was more common to find a jar full of cremated remains inside the coffin than a true body. |
| What is a cista? | A cista is an expensive cylindrical extensively engraved bronze lidded container to hold personal items, and were often given as gifts at important ceremonies and the like, often at weddings to the bride. |
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Apollo (binary/octet-stream)
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Title- Apollo Period- Etruscan location- Veii date- 500 BCE additional info- large scale Terracotta figure was becoming more prominent, especially to decorate the top of roofs on temples. This depicts Apollo fighting Heracles over Diana. This sculpture looks like and draws inspiration from the Kouros figures, and draw the archaic smile that represents idealized mind over happiness. however, these figures were not in contrappasto, less balanced, and needed wide stances and a heavy base with lots of support for the clay it is made from to be able to stand up. They are very stylized, and clothes showing a switch from male nude symbolizing an aesthetic and athletic ideal to something more of a taboo. The drapery hangs in neat and intentionally pressed folds and rippling stylized pleats which is very typically Etruscan. |
| Title- boys climbing rocks and diving Period- Etruscan location- Tarquinia date- 530 BCE additional info- stylistically, it is flat with heavy black outlines and not much depth, and less interest in naturalistic bodies. It could symbolize the diver plunging into death, but as we have no records on their religious beliefs, this is only a guess. Like many others of these sprawling wall frescos within burial tombs, it shows carefree everyday activities, suggesting a belief in a pleasurable experience after death. | |
| Title- Dancers and Diners Period- Etruscan location- Tarquinia date- 480 BCE additional info- This tomb fresco shows more of these mentioned carefree activities, picturing men and women dancing, playing instruments, and laying on banquet couches feasting. it signifies a happy afterlife filled with all of the mortal worldly pleasures. it shows Minoan and Greek influence with the style and natural elements being Minoan, and the culture it represents largely Greek. Only the wealthy could afford such lavish tombs. | |
| Title- Reclining Couple on a Sarcophagus Period- Etruscan location- Cerveteri date- 520 BCE additional info- This coffin made from terracotta is made in four separate parts to allow for the construction with such a heavy and malleable medium. It shows a couple on a banquet couch, which shows some of the culture. Symposiums of this sort in Greece were exclusively male, but in the Etruscan society, women had far more rights such as retaining their names in marriage and the legal right to own property. They were allowed in these places, and let to enjoy it as the men did. This one depicts a wedded couple eating together, suggesting much more outward emotional intimacy than their Greek counterparts. Their hands originally held drinking vessels, and their gaze and extended cups draw in the viewer with friendly gestures. These were not somber memorials, as much lively celebrations of their life. There is less interest in the lower half of the body, and also has the archaic smile. More often than having the actual bodies of the dead within the coffin, the Etruscans practiced cremation, and | |
| Title- Reclining Couple on a Sarcophagus Period- Etruscan location- Cerveteri date- 520 BCE additional info(continued)- ...placed jars full of their cremated ashes inside the sarcophagi instead. Etruscan culture had less restraint, they were primarially focused on the joys of life and allowed for more emotiona intimacy and tenderness both in their society and in their art. | |
| who were the patricians and plebeians? | The patricians were the higher class citizens of ancient Rome, and the plebeians were the lower class |
| what is an engaged column and a pilaster? | an engaged column is a half cylinder column stuck to a wall, while it is often decorative it does provide some structural integrity. A pilaster on the other hand, is a flat column on a wall in high relief that is purely decorative and does not provide structural support |
| Tuscan order, Corinthian order, composite order |
The Tuscan order is a simplified Doric order, with un-fluted columns and a simpler entablature with no triglyphs.
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Corinthian order, its main characteristic is an ornate capital carved with stylized acanthus leaves
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The composite order is a mixed order, combining the volutes of the Ionic order capital with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order
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Orders (binary/octet-stream)
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| define the following- aqueduct round arch arcade verism | aqueduct- a system of transport for water over miles round arch- a semi-spherical arch arcade- a series of arches verism- realism |
| what is a forum? | A Forum was the main center of a Roman city |
| what is a triumphal arch and a barrel vault? | A triumphal arch is a monumental structure in the shape of an archway with one or more arched passageways, often designed to span a road. A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve along a given distance |
| what was an important structural building material in ancient rome? | concrete |
| define the following words: dome rotunda oculus coffers | dome - a semi spherical hollow shape usually used as a roof in architecture rotunda - a circular room oculus - a circular hole in the ceiling for natural light to enter coffers - Decorative square sunken panels that reduce weight in a structure |
| Title- Augustus of Primaporta Period- Roman location- primaporta date- 1st century CE additional info- This statue depicts Augustus, the second dictator of Rome. While he did have a cabinet, he had much more power than our modern day systems. His reign marked the start of the pax romana, or the era of roman peace which was telling of the period of peace and prosperity he brought. His original name was Octavian, though it was changed to Augustus as an honorary name that means sacred. He is shown in the pose of an auritor signifying his public speaking skills. He is also shown as a victorious general shown by his armor detailing that depicts the roman enemies (the parthians) giving a standard or staff that was much like our flags today as a symbol of surrender and peaceful reconciliation. There is a god above looking down as a symbol of divine support for this shift in power, and a god below holding a cornucopia to signify the prosperity of his reign. The propaganda in this shows the peace Augustus brought. He is supported by a cupid, signifying his descendance from Venus | |
| Augustus 2 | and the deification that the romans held towards their leaders. This statue is in contrappasto pose, and uses polykleitos's canon of proportions. He is a portrait likeness but is still idealized as he is an emperor. |
| Title- Altar of Augustan Peace Period- Roman location- Rome date- 13-9 BCE additional info- This structure was to commemorate Augustus's return to Rome after several years of conquests in other places, It glorifies his reign and the peace and prosperity it brought. here was an alter inside, and every year they would have a ceremony for him, furthering their deification of him and worshiping him as they would a god. The exterior was more decorative, and had two registers on the sides and two on the front and back. The bottom side register shows plant life and animals which shows the abundance and prosperity of his reign, and the front and back registers show mythological scenes that link him with the gods. | |
| Title-Imperial Procession from Altar of Augustan Peace Period- Roman location- Rome date- 13-9 BCE additional info- This is the top register on the sides of the altar of Augustan peace,and it shows a procession of people taking part in his yearly ceremony. It shows great detail and realism in a very naturalistic way. It also shows depth in making the figures farther away in low relief and the figures closer in higher relief. It also shows actual people in this, specific members of the senate and Augustus's family and friends are carved into the surface. They were placed on the political building because it shows propaganda in the form of showing his sons means he has heirs and its saying he can prolong this peace even after his death. | |
| Title- Villa of the Mysteries Period- Roman location- Pompeii date- 50 BCE additional info- These murals were perfectly preserved because of the explosion of Vesuvius covering Pompeii in ash. The walls were fully painted floor to ceiling, they had very consistent imagery, color and placement and had mostly mythological themes. The lower half of this particular mural was painted to look like an architectural feature prominent in wealthy homes made of colored marble. The upper half of these four walls on the other hand, depicts some sort of initiation rite, likely for the cult of Bachus (the god of wine and fertility) and it is believed that cult meetings and ceremonies took place in this room. People still followed the traditional polytheistic pantheon, but often felt a strong connection to a particular god and primarily worshiped them. | |
| Title- Arch of Titus Period- Roman location- Rome date- 81 CE additional info- The arch of Titus was dedicated to the Roman emperor, Titus, to commemorate his defeat of Jerusalem. It was an enormous triumphal arch that was placed in the city's forum (or main center) and was made from ancient concrete that was much better quality than today's concrete. Titus, unusually, didn't commission the arch himself, but died before he could so his brother after taking power had it commissioned in his honor. It served two purposes within its propaganda, both to honor Titus and his reign, but to also bolster his brother's reputation by saying he could be as good as his brother. It originally had a large bronze statue on top of Titus in a chariot. | |
| Title- Spoils from the Temple of Solomon from Arch of Titus Period- Roman location- Rome date- 81 CE additional info- Part of the arch of Titus, this carving shows a procession of roman soldiers returning after defeating Jerusalem and ransacking the temple of Solomon, they are shown about to pass through a triumphal arch. It would have been painted, and celebrates the victory over Jerusalem. | |
| Title- Colosseum Period- Roman location- Rome date- 70-80 CE additional info- This enormous amphitheater was named the Colosseum because it used to have a giant bronze statue of a long past roman emperor named Nero, who had the nickname 'the colossus' and so it was called the Colosseum. It goes back to Greek classical conventions and shows order, balance, and harmonious proportions. Each of the 4 levels has a different architectural order, the base being Tuscan, the second being ionic, the third being Corinthian, and the top being Corinthian pilasters. It was built to accommodate all sorts of activities, including animal hunts, athletic events, gladiator fights, mock sea battles, public executions, and plays. They had the ability to lift animals up from the under-stage rooms through trap doors for fights, and the ability to flood and drain the room for their sea battles. It could accommodate 50 thousand people and had a wooden floor that would usually be covered by sand. The Latin word for sand is Arena. When they held a play in which someone died or a sea battle with a loosing side, | |
| Colosseum continued | they would have prisoners of war stand in for the character and would actually have them die. When the Colosseum was first finished, they held an opening ceremony that lasted 100 days, and in these festivities, approximately 400 animals and 200 humans died. The primary construction material for it was concrete and some tufa, then it was faced with marble. As a political statement, it is a reminder of roman prominence, power and wealth. |
| Title- Column of Trajan Period- Roman location- Rome date- 113 CE additional info- Trajan built many structures to commemorate his military victories, but of them all this tower was one of the more important. Trajan was a spanish man who became emperor and acquired the most land for Rome as a general. It is placed between two libraries housing his personal scrolls, and it has one continuous pictorial narrative showing the roman war against the Dacians, most of the carvings depict not fighting, but planning for battle. it displays order, balance, and harmonius proportion as well as correcting optical illusions from its size by making the bands taller as they ascend to make them look equal. Originally it had a bronze statue of Trajan on top, but it was later switched for a statue of st peter. There was also carved inside a spiral staircase that one could reach the top from. Its two primary functions are to commemorate the victory over the Dacians, but after Trajan & his wife died, their ashes were put in gold urns and placed inside the base of the column, and it thus became a tomb too | |
| Title- Pantheon Period- Roman location- Rome date- 118-228 CE additional info- The pantheon was based on classical Greek temple design, and was built by Emperor Heidran. It is reminiscent of the Parthenon in design, and was dedicated to all the gods. Originally, when approaching you couldn't see the concrete dome, so it was a surprise to walk in and find such a open lofty space. The curved drum wall below the dome supports it and represents heaven and godly power because of both its ethereal form and its use, it represents power of the Romans as it uses imported marble from the places they have conquered, and it is a political icon as the emperor would do business there often. | |
| Title- Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aruelius Period- Roman location- Rome date- 176 CE additional info- This statue of Marcus Aruelius was depicting the emperor, however he is dressed as a military leader over an emperor showing the importance of conquest. There was originally an enemy under the horses foot. It is naturalistic with portrait likeness yet it is idealized. The only reason it survived was because it was later mistaken to be a statue of emperor Constantine who was the first christian ruler so the later Christians let it stay. | |
| Title- Arch of Constantine Period- Roman location- Rome date- 312-315 CE additional info- Constantine, the son of one of the four techtrarchs, erected this to commemorate his "victory" over becoming emperor rather than his competition, Maxentius. It has three barrel vaults and is much larger than previous triumphal arches. It is made with concrete and in Corinthian order. It is propaganda to boast about Constantine being emperor. Constantine was the first Christian Roman emperor, but for a good bit of his reign before he made Christianity the national religion he allowed for anyone to practice any religion. Some of the reliefs were spolia, or reused material. They were taken from three separate monuments to previous emperors. The upper reliefs are from Marcus Aruleus, The sculptures on top and some other minor reliefs were from Trajan, and the tondi, or circular reliefs, are from Hadran. | |
| Title- Tondi Reused on the Arch of Constantine Period- Roman location- Rome date- 130-138 CE additional info- These spolia were from the memorial of Hadran, and are thus stylistically diffrent from the reliefs below as they were created in the greek classical style. The tondi on the left shows Hadran and his officials hunting a boar representing his courage and physical strength. The tondi on the right pictures Apollo atop a column and Hadran and his officials giving offerings to him to represent his dedication and gratitude to the gods. However, The heads of Hadran had been cut off and replaced with carved heads of Constantine to show him with all these virtues and depict him as a successful emperor. The style of the relief below however is more blocky and abstract with less movement and depth. | |
| What is a catacomb? | An underground burial chamber or tomb wherin bodies would be buried (rather than cremated) |
| Explain syncretism | the taking and repurposing under new context of a previously existing (usually religious) symbol |
| What are ourant figures? What is a lunette? | Ourant figures are figures with their arms in the air, palms and face forward, in a gesture of worship. It was originally pagan in origin, but got repurposed into Christianity A lunette Is a section of painting or mosaic in the shape of a gibbous moon |
| explain what a longitudinal plan and a central plan are regarding architecture | A longitudinal plan within church construction is a church design that is in the shape of a rectangle with the altar in the back, and a central plan is a church design in a circular design with the temple in the middle and usually has a domed roof |
| what are putti? | In pagan context they are cupid, but in the christian terms they are chubby children |
| What are mosaics and tesserae? | Mosaics are panels of glass arranged into scenes and art, tesserae are the individual pieces of glass |
| Title- The Good Shepard, Orients, and Story of Jonah Period- Early Christian location- Rome date- 3rd-4th century CE additional info- This painting is on the ceiling of a christian catacomb. It shows jesus christ as the good shepherd in the center, and ourant figures between the 4 lunettes that represent the deceased Christians in the tomb. Within the lunettes is depicted the story of jonah and the whale, one lunette shows jonah being thrown off the ship, another shows him emerging from the whale in ourant pose, and the third shows him in paradise relaxing. This story parallels the story of jesus's Crucifixion and resurrection. | |
| Title- Harvesting Grapes from the Church of Santa Costanza Period- Early Christian location- Rome date- 350 CE additional info- It is a repeated mosaic that is placed in three places around the temple walls of Santa Costanza. This temple was created in honor of constantine's daughter, constantina. She was later renamed Costanza after she became a saint and was later buried there. The putti are gathering grapes and the adults are crushing it into wine. Above is the portrait of Constantina. The making of wine is reference to the holy communion wherein a priest blesses wine and bread and passes it around so they may eat of the body and blood of Christ | |
| Title- The Good Shepherd from the Oratory of Galla Placidia Period- Early Christian location- Ravenna date- 425 CE additional info- This is a mosaic covered barrel vault leading to a lunette, the barrel vault shows a heavenly sky, and on the lunette is jesus as the good shepherd. He is wearing purple and gold which suggests imperial Majesty as those colors are associated with emperors. |
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