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Description
Flashcards by elizabethc2114, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by elizabethc2114
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Write a simple equation to show how ATP is synthesised from ADP | ADP+Pi= ATP |
| Which properties of ATP make it a suitable source of energy in biological processes? | -Soluble -An immediate source of energy/one step reaction -Energy is released in small, suitable amounts |
| Why is it necessary for humans to synthesise such large amounts of ATP? | -Used in active transport -Only releases a small amount -Can't be stored |
| Where does glycolysis take place? | Cytoplasm |
| Where does the link reaction take place? | Matrix |
| Where does the Krebs cycle take place? | Matrix |
| Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place? | Cristae of the mitochondria |
| What substances would there be a net movement into the mitochondrion? | -Pyruvate -Oxygen -Reduced NAD |
| Why is it an advantage the the mitochondria in muscles contain many cristae? | -Increase surface area -Provides ATP for muscle contractions |
| In what stage is a 6 carbon compound broken down into two 3 carbon compounds? What are the compounds? | Stage= Glycolysis 6C= Glucose 3C= Pyruvate |
| What is the stage where a 5 carbon compound is combined with a 1 carbon compound? What are the compounds? | Stage= light independent reaction of photosynthesis 5C compound= RuBP 1C compound= Carbon dioxide |
| What is the stage where 3 carbon compounds are combined to form a 6 carbon compound? What are the compounds? | -Stage= light independent reaction of photosynthesis -3C compound= TP (triose phosphate) -6C compound= glucose |
| What substance combines with carbon dioxide in a chloroplast? | RuBP (Ribulose biphosphate) |
| In anaerobic respiration, what is the net yield of ATP molecules per molecule glucose? | 2 |
| How is NAD regenerated in anaerobic respiration in yeast cells? | Pyruvate accepts hydrogen ions and turns it into ethanol |
| When sufficient oxygen is available, pyruvate is fully broken down. What substances are formed from the pyruvate? | -ATP -Water |
| Why do muscles become fatigued when insufficient oxygen is available? | -Lactate/lactic acid builds up in the muscles -Lowers the pH |
| What is an advantage of the lactate being oxidised in the muscles? | -Immediate ATP supply |
| Why is ATP useful in many biological processes? | -Releases energy in small, manageable amounts -Immediate energy source -Phosphorylates -Lowers activation energy -Can be reformed |
| Why is it important to produce ATP during respiration in addition to during photosynthesis? | -Photosynthesis doesn't take place in the dark -ATP can't be stored -Plants use more ATP than produced in photosynthesis -Active transport -Synthesise DNA, chlorophyll and proteins |
| In which steps is carbon dioxide produced? | -Link reaction -Krebs cycle |
| If a pond freezes over during the winter, goldfish can remain alive in the water under the ice. Explain why they use the carbohydrate stores in their bodies much faster in these conditions. | -They respire anaerobically -Less efficient |
| What is the main difference between the production of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis? | In respiration it is a chemical process whereas in photosynthesis light is used |
| Under anaerobic conditions, the oxidised form of NAD is regenerated. Explain why this is essential. | -Allows glycolysis/production of ATP to continue |
| What happens to the energy which is not transferred to ATP? | It is lost as heat |
| Explain why ATP is better than glucose as an immediate energy source for cell metabolism. | -Energy is released in small amounts -released in a single reaction |
| Describe how reduced NADP is involved in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis | -Reduces GP (glycerate-3-phosphate) to TP (triose phosphate) |
| ATP is sometimes described as an immediate source of energy. Explain why. | It is a one step reaction |
| Plants produce ATP in the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis. Explain why plants cannot use this as their only source of ATP. | -More ATP is needed than the amount produced in photosynthesis -Photosynthesis doesn't occur in the dark |
| During glycolysis, NAD is reduced. Explain what happens to this reduced NAD when the cell is respiring anaerobically. | -Converted back to NAD -Pyruvate is reduced by adding Hydrogen ions |
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