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Flashcards

Microbiology Ch 3

megan_mcdonald Microbiology English 189 cards

Cards in this deck (189)

  1. 1All living things share what 4 processes?growth, reproduction, responsiveness, metabolism
  2. 2growthan increase in size
  3. 3reproductionan increase in number
  4. 4responsivenessan ability to react to environmental stimuli
  5. 5metabolismcontrolled chemical reactions
  6. 6All living organisms share what structure?cellular
  7. 7How do viruses differ from living cells?They cannot grow, they assemble
    they produce only when inside a host cell
    they depend on a host cell's metabolism
    they have no cellular structure
  8. 8Describe prokaryotic cellslack a nucleus and membranous organelles
  9. 9eukaryotic cell characteristicsexternal structures, cell walls and cytoplasmic membranes, cytoplasm, membranous organelles
  10. 10bacteriaexternal structures, cell walls, cytoplasmic membranes, cytoplasm
  11. 11arachaeaexternal structures, cell walls and cytoplasmic membranes, cytoplasm
  12. 12external structurs of bacterial cellsglycocalyces, flagella, endoflagella, finbriae
  13. 13clycocalycesgelatinous, sticky substance that surrounds the outside of some cells
  14. 14capsulethe glycocalyx of a bacterium is firmly attached to the cell surface
  15. 15slime layerglycocalyx is loose and water soluble
  16. 16how are both slime layers and capsules beneficial to a cell?protect from desiccation, increase ability to cause disease by protecting against phagocytosis, can act as food source when supplies are limited
  17. 17desiccationdrying out
  18. 18how do slime layers assist a cell?enable cells to adhere to each other and to environmental surfaces
  19. 19what is the function of flagella?cell motility, propelling a cell through its environment
  20. 20what are flagellalong whip like extensions from the cell surface
  21. 21what are bacterial flagella composed of?a filament, hook, and basal body
  22. 22peritrichousflagella covering the entire cell
  23. 23polar flagellafound only at the ends of a cell
  24. 24taxisbacteria cell movement
  25. 25chemotaxismovement of a cell toward or away from stimuli such as chemicals
  26. 26phototaxismovement of a cell toward or awa from stimuli such as light
  27. 27How does taxis occur?indirectly in a series of runs and tumbles
  28. 28runbacteria shoots forward in a straight line
  29. 29When is a bacteria likely to run?if it is pointing at an attractant or away from repellant
  30. 30how does a bacteria run?rotating its flagella counterclockwise
  31. 31tumblerandom movements
  32. 32when is a bacteria more likely to tumble?pointing away from an attractant or towards a repellant
  33. 33how does a bacteria tumble?rotating flagella clockwise
  34. 34endoflagellaa special flagella of spirochetes that spiral tightly around the cell instead of protruding into the environment
  35. 35how does a bacteria cell corkscrew through medium?endoflagella form an axial filament that wraps around the cell and rotates
  36. 36fimbriaeshorter, sticky, proteinaceous extensions of some bacteria
  37. 37proteinaceousmade of protein
  38. 38name 3 functions of fimbriae1. helps cells adhere to one another and to substances in the environment
    2. important in biofilms
    3. motility structures somewhat like retracting a rope
  39. 39biofilmsslimy masses of bacteria adhering to a surface
  40. 40pilihollow, nonmotile tubes of protein called pilin
  41. 41How many pili are usually present in a cell?1 or 2
  42. 42What do pili do?connect some prokaryotic cells together
  43. 43conjunctionpili join two bacterial cells and mediate the movement of DNA from one cell to another
  44. 44Are all bacterial cells surrounded by cell wall?no
  45. 45bacterial cell wallsprovide structure and protection from osmotic forces
  46. 46what are most bacterial cell walls made of?peptidoglycan
  47. 47peptidoglycancomplex polysaccharide composed of two alternating sugar derivatives
  48. 48sugar derivatives of peptidoglycanNAG, NAM
  49. 49tetrapeptidescrossbridges of four amino acids attaching chains of NAG and NAM
  50. 50gram positive cell walls compositionthick, composed of up to 30 rows of peptidoglycan
  51. 51how much of cells dry weight does gram positive wall make up?40-80%
  52. 52What is permeable to gram positive cell walls?many molecules- sugars, amino acids
  53. 53teichoic acidsalcohol and phosphate in gram positive walls
  54. 54What are the layers of gram negative cell wallsouter membrane and periplasm
  55. 55What is outer membrane of gram negative cell walls made oflipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids
  56. 56LPSlipopolysaccharides
  57. 572 parts of LPSO polysaccharides, lipid A
  58. 58O polisaccharidesantigens
  59. 59lipid Aendotoxin
  60. 60What happens to Lipid A if broken?becomes toxic if in blood sream or GI tract, causes fever or shock
  61. 61What does the outermembrane protect bactera from?Immune system
  62. 62What is outer membrane of bacteria permeable to?antibiotics, digestive enzymes, detergents, porins
  63. 63Porinstransport proteins to transport nutrients into bacteria cell
  64. 64Periplasmgel-like layer of gram negative cell wall with 1 or 2 layers of peptidoglycan
  65. 65Which bacteria has more peptidoglycan, gram positive or gram negative?gram positive
  66. 66Which is more prevalent, bacteria with or without cell walls?with cell walls
  67. 67What drugs do not work bacteria without cell walls?drugs that target the cell wall
  68. 68mycoplasma pneumoniaewall-less bacteria
  69. 69Where is bacterial cytoplasmic membrane located?beneath glycocalyx and cell wall
  70. 70describe bacterial cell membranedouble layered phospholipid bilayer with molecules of hydrophobic lipid tails and hydrophilic phosphate heads
  71. 71fluid mosaic modelproteins associated within membrane vary in location and function and flow laterally within
  72. 72bacterial cell membrane functionselectively permeable to separate contents of the cell from the outside environment
  73. 73What part of the cell membrane allows or facilitates the transport of substances the cell needs?proteins
  74. 74passive processesrequire no energy expenditure to move chemicals across the cytoplmasmic membrane
  75. 753 passive processessimple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
  76. 76simple diffusionmovement of chemicals down their concentration gradient, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
  77. 77facilitated diffusionproteins act as channels or carriers to allow certain molecules to diffuse into or out of the cell along their electrochemical gradient
  78. 78osmosisdiffusion of water across a semi- permeable membrane
  79. 79isotonicsolute concentration is the same inside/outside, water flows in and out equally
  80. 80hypotonicsolute concentration is comparatively lower, water flows into the cell
  81. 81hypertonicsolute concentration is comparatively higher, water flows out of the cell
  82. 82active processesrequire cells to expend energy in the form of ATP to move chemicals across the cytoplasmic membrane against their concentration gradient
  83. 83How do active processes move substances?transmembrane permeas proteins called symports and antiports
  84. 84symportsmay transport two substances in the same direction at once
  85. 85antiportsmove substances in opposite directions
  86. 86group translocationcauses chemical changes to the substance being transported, making membrane impermeable to the altered substance and trapping it inside the cell
  87. 87What happens to glucose during group translocation?glucose is brought into the cell and then phosphorylated, making it unable to leave
  88. 88cytoplasmgelatinous, elastic material inside a cell
  89. 89Does bacterial cytoplasm contain a nucleus?No, a nucleoid area
  90. 90nucleoid areadensely packed region of DNA in bacterial cells
  91. 91Describe bacterial chromosomal DNAsingle curcular double stranded molecule of DNA
    1mm in length
    supercoiled
    very little junk DNA
    virtually all DNA functional
  92. 92Which carries more junk DNA, eukaryotes or prokaryotes?eukaryotes, they are mostly junk DNA
  93. 93cytosolliquid portion of cytoplasm
  94. 94contents of cytosolmostly water, some dissolved and suspended substances such as ions, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and wastes
  95. 95nucleoidregion within cytosol of bacteria that contains the cell's DNA
  96. 96Inclusionsreserve deposits of lipids, starch or chemicals
  97. 97gas vesiclesinclusions that store gases
  98. 98endosporesmade by some bacteria when one or more nutrients are limited
  99. 99Why are endospores a concern?They can survive under harsh conditions
  100. 100nonmembranous organelles found in direct contact with cytosolribosomes, cytoskeleton
  101. 101ribosomes are the site ofprotein synthesis in cells
  102. 102structure of ribosomesprotein and ribosomal RNA(rRNA)
  103. 103how is ribosome size expressed?Svedbergs (S)
  104. 104size of prokaryotic ribosomes<70S
  105. 105eukaryotic ribosomes size>80S
  106. 106cytoskeletoninternal network of fibers that play a role in forming a cell's basic shape
  107. 107What type of bacteria lack cytoskeleton?spherical
  108. 108External structures of archaeaglycocalyces, flagella, fimbriae, hami
  109. 109What are archaeal glycocalyces composed of?polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both
  110. 110What is the function of archaeal glycocalyces?biofilm formation
  111. 111Archaeal flagella function simmer to what?bacterial flagella
  112. 112How are arachaeal flagella different than bacterial?Archaeal flagella are smaller, composed of different proteins, usually have sugar molecules attached, and appear to be assembled differently
  113. 113Are the fimbriae structurally and fucntionally similar to bacteria?yes
  114. 114hamushelical filament with prickles and a terminus that divides into three curved hooks
  115. 115Why do archaea have hami?attaching archaea to surfaces, similar to fimbriae
  116. 116Do all archaea have cytoplasmic membranes?Yes
  117. 117Do all archaea have cell walls?No
  118. 118Which cell comes in a greater variety, archaea or bacteria?archaea
  119. 119Describe archaea cell wallsproteins or polysaccharides
    lack peptidoglycan
    gram positive or gram negative
  120. 120Do all archaea have phospholipid membranes?No
  121. 121Do all archaeal cell walls have lipid bilayer?No, some have single lipid layer
  122. 122How is arachaeal cytoplasm similar to bacteria?contain 70S ribisomes, cytoskeleton, circular DNA chromosome
  123. 123Which component of archaea cytoplasm is more similar to eukaryotes than bacteria?RNA and protein components
  124. 124When would a glycocalycix be absent from a eukaryote?With cell walls
  125. 125Why would an animal or protozoan cell want glycocalyces anchored to their cytoplasmic membranes?strengthen the cell surface, provide protection against dehydration, function in cell to cell recognition and communication
  126. 126How do eukaryotic flagella move?undulate rhythmically to push or pull cell through medium
  127. 127eukaryotic cell flagella is anchored to whatwithin the cytoplasmic membrane
  128. 128tubulinglobular protein that composes the shaft of a eukaryotic flagellum
  129. 129How are cilia different from flagella?cilia are shorter and more numerous
  130. 130How do single-celled eukaryotes use cilia?rhythmic beating propels cells through their environment
  131. 131How do multi celled eukaryotes use cilia?to sweep substances in the local environment (sweeping bacteria and dust out of respiratory tract)
  132. 132Which types of eukaryotes lack glycocalyces?fungi, algae, plants, some protozoa
  133. 133What does a cell wall of polysaccharides provide a eukaryotic cell?protection from environment
  134. 134cellulosecomposes cell walls of plants
  135. 135chitinalong with polysaccharides, composes fungal cell walls
  136. 136What do algal cell walls contain?agar, carrageenam, algin, other chemicals
  137. 137What provides shape and support to a eukaryote against osmotic pressure?polysaccharide cell wall
  138. 138What do all eukaryotic cells have, cell wall or cytoplasmic membrane?cytoplasmic membrane
  139. 139Describe eukaryotic cells cytoplasmic membranefluid mosaic of phsopholipids and proteins
  140. 140Do bacteria have steroids in cell membrane?No
  141. 141Why do eukaryotic cells have steroids in cell membrane?strengthen and solidify membrane when temperature rises, maintain fluidity when temperature falls
  142. 142endocytosispseudopodia surround a substance and move it into the cell
  143. 143pseudopodiamoveable extensions of a cells membrane
  144. 144What type of process is endocytosis?active process
  145. 145phagocytosiswhen solids are brought into the cell
  146. 146pinocytosiswhen liquids are brought into the cell
  147. 147Which has more complex cytoplasm, eukaryotes or prokaryotes?eukaryotes
  148. 148cytoplasm of eukaryotes contains...nonmembranous and numerous membranous organelles
  149. 149flagella and cilia are considered what type of organelles?nonmembranous
  150. 150Describe eukaryote ribosomesnonmembranous organelle of cytoplasm
    80S
    found within cytosol and attached to membranes of endoplasmic reticulum
  151. 151Describe cytoskeleton of eukaryotesextensive, composed of fibers and tubules
  152. 152function of eukaryotic cytoskeletonanchors organelles
    cytoplasmic streaming and movement of organelles within cytosol
    enables cell to contract
  153. 153How does eukaryote cytoskeleton enable cell to contract?move the cytoplasmic membrane during endocytosis and amoeboid action
    produce the basic shapes of many cells
  154. 154What cells have centrioles?animal cells and some fungi
  155. 155centrosomeregion of cytoplasm near the nucleus that contains centrioles
  156. 156composition of eukaryote centriolesnine triplets of tubulin microtubules
  157. 157function of eukaryotic centriolesmitosis, cytokinesis, formation of flagella and cilia
  158. 158membranous organelles of eukaryotic cellsnucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, vacules, vesicles, mitochondria, chloroplasts
  159. 159eukaryotic membranous organellesa variety of organelles that are surrounded by phospholipid bilayer membranes similar to the cytoplasmic membrane
  160. 160shape of nucleusspherical to ovoid
  161. 161Which is often the largest organelle in a cell?nucleus
  162. 162what is inside a nucleusmost of the cell's genetic materia = DNA
    nucleoplasm
    nucleoli
    chromatin
  163. 163nucleoplasmsemi-liquid matrix
  164. 164nucleoliregion of RNA synthesis
  165. 165chromatinthreadlike mass of DNA and associated histone proteins
  166. 166nuclear envelopedouble membrane surrounding the nucleus
  167. 167function of the nuclear envelopecontains nuclear pores that function to control the import and export of substances through the envelope
  168. 168Endoplasmic Reticuluma network of flattened hollow membrane pouches
  169. 169ER locationcontinuous with the outer membrane of nuclear envelope and traversing the cytoplasm
  170. 170What are the two kinds of ERsmooth and rough
  171. 171Smooth endoplasmic reticulumplays a role in lipid synthesis and transport
  172. 172rough endoplasmic reticulumproduces proteins that are transported throughout the cell
  173. 173What gives RER its look?ribosomes adhere to the surface
  174. 174golgi bodya series of flattened, hollow membrane sacs that receive, process and package large molecules in secretory vesicles
  175. 175vacuoles and vesiclesgeneral terms for membranous sacs that store or carry substances
  176. 176lysosomesfound in animal cells, contain digestive enzymes used in self-destruction of old, damaged, or diseased cells
  177. 177peroxisomesfound in all eukaryotic cells to degrade poisonous metabolic wastes such as free radicals and hydrogen peroxide
  178. 178which type of vesicle is prominent in liver and kidney cells of mammals?peroxisomes
  179. 179mitochondria structurespherical to elongated structures with two phospholipid bilayer membranes
  180. 180Which type of cell have mitochondria?most eukaryotes
  181. 181What is the cell powerhouse, producing most of its ATP?mitochondria
  182. 182cristaeincrease the surface area for ATP production in the innermost membrane of mitochondria
  183. 183ribosomes of mitochondria70S
  184. 184DNA of mitochondria1 circular molecule
  185. 185Chloroplastslight harvesting structures found in photosynthetic eukaryotes
  186. 186structure of chloroplaststwo phospholipid bilayer membranes, DNA and ribosomes
  187. 187chloroplast pigments gather light energy to produceATP
  188. 188how are chloroplasts able to form sugar from carbon dioxide?sacs called thylakoids form an extensive surface area for their biochemical and photochemical reactions
  189. 189endosymbiotic theoryexplains why mitochondria and chloroplasts have 70S ribosomes, circular DNA and two membranes; ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts were prokaryotic cells that were internalized by other prokaryotes, then lost ability to exist outside of their host, thus forming early eukaryotes

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Microbiology Flashcards on Microbiology Ch 3, created by megan_mcdonald on 14/01/2015.
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