Flashcards
AS Psychology: Research Methods Keywords
Cards in this deck (20)
- 1Lab ExperimentPROS: I.V Manipulated; High Control of E.V's; Easy to Replicate; Can conclude Cause & Effect
CONS: Eco-validity issues; Higher chance of Demand Characteristics; Artificial Setting/Situation - 2Field ExperimentPROS: I.V controlled only; Higher eco-validity; Can conclude cause & effect; Reduced demand characteristics;
CONS: More time consuming - 3Natural ExperimentPROS: No manipulation; High eco-validity; Useful for studying the unethical
CONS: Quasi-experiment; Can't conclude cause and effect. - 4Questionnaires (List of Q's; Highly Structured; Written)PROS: Open & Closed Q's; Cheap way to collect data; Easy to analyse (closed Q's); Can be anonymous (confidentiality)
CONS: Sometimes Q's are ambiguous; Data not as rich (closed Q's); Social Desirability Bias - 5Interviews ('Spoken Questionnaire'; Structured, Semi-Structured and Unstructured Interviews)PROS: Large amount of rich data; Semi-Structured interviews allow flexibility
CONS: Cost of training interviewer; Time-consuming; Hard to replicate (unstructured/semi-structured); Social Desirability Bias - 6AimGeneral Statement about investigation; reasonably precise
E.g - to see if age affects the duration of the Short Term Memory. - 7HypothesisTestable, predictive statement tested to see if true; either a predicted difference or relationship between variables.
- 8HypothesesDirectional/ One-tailed: States direction of predicted statement
Non-Directional/ Two-tailed: States difference between conditions; doesn't specify direction. - 9Repeated Measures: Same PP's used in both conditions(Y) - Participant Variables eliminated; fewer participants used
(N) - Order effects (fatigue, boredom); Can't use same resources/materials - 10Independent Groups (Different group for each condition)(Y) - No order effects; Same stimuli used; Reduced demand characteristics
(N) - More participants needed; Can't control participant variables. - 11Matched Pairs (PP's closely matched and put in separate groups)(Y) - No order effects; Good for controlling participant variables.
(N) - Difficult to find exact match; More participants needed. - 12Types of SamplingOpportunity: Whoever you can get (family and friends)
Volunteer: Volunteers (people interested in study)
Random: Arbitrary selection of people (names out of hat) - 13Naturalistic Observation(Y) - No manipulation; High eco-validity
(N) - No control of E.V; Ethical issues (consent, right to withdraw) - 14Controlled Observation(Y) - High control of E.V
(N) - Reduced validity (demand characteristics); Low eco-validity
E.g - Ainsworth's Strange Situation - 15ValiditiesInternal: Is your study measuring what it's meant to?
External: How useful are your findings to more than one sample? - 16Observation TypesParticipant/Overt: Researcher takes part
Non-participant/Covert: Participants are unaware they're being studied - 17Demand CharacteristicsParticipants change behaviour due to study/experiment
1) Social Desirability Bias: Changing responses to appear more socially appealing
2) Screw You Effect: Changing responses to affect validity of experiment - 18Investigator EffectsWhatever the investigator might do that could influence results.
e.g. - using a specific tone of voice
Controlled through 'double blind technique' - 19Ethical IssuesTOP 3 Ethical Issues or 'DIP'
1) Deception (solved through debriefing)
2) Informed Consent (solved by attaining consent)
3) Protection of Participants (solved through right to withdraw) - 20Pilot StudySmall scale study conducted to identify any design issues
(Y) - Improves Internal Validity