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Flashcards

1 - Science Inquiry

elsa ss Human Biology 11th grade English 58 cards

Cards in this deck (58)

  1. 1main goals of science inquiry- make and research questions for investigation
    - Conduct investigations following Scientific Method
    - Represent data in meaningful/useful ways
    - Communicate science to specific audiences
    - Interpret scientific results to make conclusions
  2. 2what is scienceprocess of inquiry aimed
    at finding answers to questions
    - The process of discovery
    - The knowledge discovered
  3. 3Types of investigationsObservations
    Controlled Experiments
    Surveys
    Trial and Error
    Case Studies
    Longitudinal Studies
  4. 4Observations >> ____ >> ______Observations >> Patterns >> Conclusions
  5. 5Controlled experiments - what - EG- Investigate the relationships between
    variables
    - Howard Florey - 1940 - Penicillin
  6. 6Surveys - what- Systematically collecting, analyzing and interpreting:
    - info from large number of subjects
  7. 7Trial and error - what - substance EGS- Systematically recording the effect of a large number of independent variables >> on a dependent variable
    EGS
    ▪ Opium poppy (morphine, codeine)
    ▪ Ephedra sinica (Sudafed)
    ▪ Willow bark (aspirin)
    ▪ Penicillium mould (penicillin)
  8. 8Case studies - whatAn in depth investigation of one particular person or situation
  9. 9Longitudinal studies - what- A study conducted over a long period of time
    - intention of analysing the progression of change
  10. 10Meta-Analysis - whatStatistical analysis of a large number of independent studies
  11. 11Double blind experiments - what- testing procedure, designed to eliminate biased results,
    - identity of those receiving a test treatment is concealed from both researchers / subjects
    - until after study is completed.
  12. 12Placebo - what - how done- substance or treatment with no active
    therapeutic effect (eg. sugar tablet)
    - Given to control group > simulate the
    psychological effect of receiving treatment
    - Placebo effect/Placebo response
  13. 13Scientific method - 7 steps1 – Problem
    2 – Collect Information
    3 – Propose a hypothesis
    4 –Test the hypothesis
    5 –Analyse data
    6 – Draw conclusions
    7 – Report
  14. 14Hypothesis - what - proving right/wrong- short summarised explanation for problem / what'll happen after experiment
    - "No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; a single experiment can prove me wrong" – Albert Einstein
  15. 15Planning an investigation - 6 things to look out forLiterature Review
     Safety
     Ethics
     Controlling Variables
     Repetition and Replication
     Validity and Reliability
  16. 16literature review - what - why- survey of material that has already been written on the subject
    - Helps researcher define problem
    - Informs researcher about what is
    already known
    - Allows the researcher to build/connect their findings to whats already known
  17. 17Safety - what do - important- Risk Assessment
    Spot the Hazard
    Assess the Risk
    Make the Change
    - Personal Protective Equipment
    (PPE)
    - Researchers and Participants must comply
  18. 18Ethics - human studies must beHuman Studies
    ▪ Voluntary Participation
    ▪ Informed Consent
    ▪ No Risk of Harm
    ▪ Confidentiality
  19. 19Ethics - animal studies must beAnimal Studies
    ▪ Valid
    ▪ Humane
    ▪ Justifiable
    ▪ Considerate
  20. 20Controlling variables - all 4 summary- Independent Variable : The factor that is modified and investigated
    - Dependent Variable: The factor that changes in response
    - Controlled Variables: The factors that are kept the same
    - Uncontrolled variables: the uncontrollable factors that are minimized/avoided/or accepted
  21. 21repetition & replication - what x 2Repetition: performing the same experiment multiple times
    Replication – having many identical experiments running simultaneously
  22. 22repetition & replication - why x 3- Improves consistency
    - Weakens the effect of outliers
    - Strengthens conclusions
  23. 23Validity, Invalidity & Reliability of experiment - what x 3- Valid: experiment accurately tests
    what its' supposed to test
    - Invalid: uncontrolled variables,
    differences in intervention / control
    groups
    - Reliable: extent to which the
    investigation gives same results
    each time it is performed
  24. 24Analysing results - 9 thingsQuantifying Results
     Errors and Limitations
     Secondary Data
     Processing Data
     Probability
     Presentation of Data
     Models
     Flow Charts
     Referencing
  25. 25quantifying results - what x 2Quantitative Data – form of
    numbers, usually measurement
    Qualitative Data – not in form
    of numbers, usually observations
  26. 26how to quantify results (that may be qualitative) - 2 eg methods - how to (+egs)- questionaries/surveys
    - visual analog scale
    - turn groups of qualities into groups of quantity
    (eg. on a scale from 1-10 how much do you like blue cars, tick the box, do you agree/disagree, etc)
  27. 27Error - what - eg- not necessarily a mistake
    - difference between the measured value vs true value
    - due to natural variation in measurement process
    - eg. measure someones height several times > unlikely to be same > bc of variation in subject and/or measurement process
  28. 28Limitations - what - eg- Do not draw conclusions that go beyond the data
    - EG: Norwegian study into Breast Cancer >> "women who exercise more reduce risk of breast cancer"
    - False assumption BC > "women who exercise more are likely to smoke/drink less, sleep more, healthier diets, etc" > so which variable actually contributes to less breast cancer?
  29. 29secondary data - what - confidance interval / Level?- Refers to data that was collected by someone other than the user
    - for assumption safety a confidance interval is used with a confidence level
    - CI = range of values before and after % where true value most likely to fall
    - CL= chance of true value falling between the CI
    - summary = x will happen between % and %, % of the time
  30. 30Processing data - what to use x 7Average
     Median
     Range
     Ratios and Rates
     Percentages
     Percentage change
     Frequency
  31. 31Processing data: average- mean
    - data total divided by number of datas collected = average mean
    Outliers – a very high or very low number outside the expected range (usually a result of mistakes or equipment failure) >> cut out
    how to??
  32. 32processing dara: median- The middle number in a set of numbers
    - Reduces the impact of outliers
    eg. Median House Price
  33. 33Processing data: Range- Gives indication of spread of the data
    - Usually looked at with mean / median
  34. 34processing data: ratio- Numerical statement of how one variable relates to another
    EG.
    - TV aspect ration - ratio of width to height of image or screen
    - 4:3 = 40cm:30cm, 80cm:60cm
  35. 35processing data: Rate- A ratio that where one of the variables is time
    Eg.
     Minutes/km - 3 minutes/km
     Breaths/minute – 15 breaths/min
  36. 36processing data: percentage + percentage change- Percentage/Decimal/Fraction
    - good way of representing a variables change over time
    - subtract old value from new value > divide by old value > multiply by 100 > add % sign
    Eg.  Weight loss
    - Positive = increase
    - Negative = decrease
  37. 37processing data: frequencyThe number of times an event occurs
  38. 38processing data: Probabilityprobability of event =
    no. of way it can happen
    ___________________________________
    total number of outcomes
  39. 39presentation of data: tables▪ Title: that includes the variables
    represented by the data
    ▪ Columns – independent left,
    dependent right
    ▪ Heading for each column that
    includes the units where
    appropriate
  40. 40Presentation of data: graphsGraphs
    ▪ Title that includes the independent and
    dependent variable
    ▪ X-axis – independent variable
    ▪ Y-axis – dependent variable
    ▪ Each axis is labelled including units of
    measurement
    ▪ Equal unit intervals
  41. 41Presentation of data: ModelsA simplified representation of an idea or process
    ▪ Title
    ▪ Illustrations
    ▪ Labels
    ▪ Annotations
  42. 42Presentation of data: Flow chartsA diagram that shows the steps involved in a process
  43. 43Presentation of data: referencesVancouver Style Referencing
     In text citation:
    ▪ Newton and Joyce (1) discuss the implications of Diabetes...
    ▪ 1.7 million Australians are currently diagnosed with Diabetes (1).
     Reference List
    ▪ 1) Newton TJ and Joyce AP. Human Perspectives: ATAR Units 3 & 4 (7th
    ed).Sydney: Nelson Cengage Learning; 2015.
    ▪ 2) ...
  44. 44scfsfefef
  45. 45reportingScientific Report Format
    ▪ Title
    ▪ Introduction
    ▪ Materials and Equipment
    ▪ Procedure
    ▪ Results
    ▪ Discussion
    ▪ Conclusion
    ▪ Further Research
    ▪ References
    ▪ Acknowledgements
  46. 46scientific report: titleThe title of your report should be concise and informative
     Summarise your research
    Eg.
    Haemolysis of red blood cells in response to salt concentration
    Antibiotic resistance of various Escherichia coli strains
  47. 47scientific report: introBackground Knowledge (concise literature review)
     The Problem
     The Question
     The Hypothesis
    ▪ A statement, not a question
    ▪ Includes the independent and dependent variable
    ▪ Testable
    ▪ Specific
    ▪ Offers an explanation or prediction
    ▪ Eg
    ▪ Does caffeine boost performance?
    ▪ Drinking a Red Bull prior to exercise will increase performance
    ▪ Ingesting 30mg of caffeine will reduce an athletes 100m sprint time
  48. 48scientific report: Material and equipmentList of equipment and materials used
     A labelled diagram
  49. 49Case study: Louis pasteur Micro-organisms do not
    spontaneously develop in decaying
    organic matter
  50. 50Independant variable?▪ Independent Variable –The factor that is modified
    and investigated (modified/manipulated)
  51. 51Dependant variableDependent Variable –The factor that changes in
    response (measured)
  52. 52controlled variables▪ Controlled Variables –The factors that are kept the
    same (controlled)
  53. 53Uncontrolled variables - what - eg. Drug on middle aged, average sized, women vs men >> UV? - what do with UV?- the uncontrollable factors that are minimized/avoided/or accepted
    - UV: sicknesses, conditions, mental health, alcohol/drug use, sleep the night before, experience, lunch, etc
    - Minimise UVs + generalise similar people + take leftover UVs into account when interpreting.
  54. 54Independent variable - what - eg. Drug on middle aged, average sized, women vs men >> IV?- The factor that is modified and investigated
    - IV: women vs men
  55. 55Dependent variable - what - eg. Drug on middle aged, average sized, women vs men >> DV?- The factor that changes in response
    - DV: The effect of the drug on the woman vs the man
  56. 56Controlled Variables - what - eg. Drug on middle aged, average sized, women vs men >> CV?- The factors that are kept the same
    - CV: similar middle aged + similar average sizes
  57. 57Confidence interval & confidence level - what x 2 - EG- Confidence Interval is range of values below/above result in which true result is likely to fall
    - eg. chance of X happening is 53% ) plus or minus 1.5%)
    - confidance level is amount of times value falls between confidance interval
    - summary: X will happen between 50.5% and 54.5%, 95% of the time
  58. 58Confidence Interval & Confidence Level TEST - X will happen at a 67% chance CI = 3.4% CL=87%X will happen between 63.6% and 70.4%, 87% of the time

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11th grade Human Biology (Unit 3) Flashcards on 1 - Science Inquiry, created by elsa ss on 30/01/2020.
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