21533553
Description
Flashcards by Caitlyn Salter, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Caitlyn Salter
about 4 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Unipolar depression | a type of mood disorder causing periods of sadness and lacking in motivation to do everyday activities |
| Twin studies | research that compares behaviour in groups of twins to see if there are similarities in each pair |
| Monozygotic | genetically identical twins |
| Dizygotic | not genetically identical twins |
| Genetic predisposition | a biological tendency to develop a particular behaviour as a result of the genes someone has |
| Diathesis-stress model | an explanation for depression that claims people can have a gene that makes them more likely to develop depression, but only if they face a stressful situation that triggers depressive thoughts |
| Serotonin | a neurotransmitter associated with controlling mood |
| Deterministic | explanations of behaviour that say our actions come from what we are born with and what we experience; this is the opposite of having 'free will' or 'free choice' |
| Free will | explanations of behaviour that claim we have the ability to choose exactly what type of behaviour we want to show; this is the opposite of being 'determined' |
| Cognitive theory | an explanation that focuses on how thought processes influence behaviour |
| Negative triad | a set of three thought patterns where people feel bad about themselves, the future and the world in general |
| Magnification | a form of cognitive bias that makes people see their problems as far bigger than they actually are |
| Nature | explanations of behaviour that focus on innate factors (the things we are born with) |
| Nurture | explanations of behaviour that focus on environmental factors (the things that happen to us) |
| Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) | a therapy for mental health disorders that aims to reduce symptoms through a change of thought process |
| Placebo | an inactive substance or 'fake pill' used instead of an active substance; the person given a placebo doesn't know it's fake |
| Relapse | return of symptoms after treatment has been given |
| Addiction | a mental health problem that means people need a particular activity/thing/substance in order to be able to go about their normal routine |
| Learning theory | an explanation that believes behaviour is learnt through associations & experiences |
| Classical conditioning | learning by associations |
| Operant conditioning | learning through the consequences of the actions |
| Social learning theory | behaviour is learnt through observation and imitation of role models |
| Reinforcement | an outcome resulting from behaviour that increases the chance of repeating or avoiding the behaviour |
| Functional analysis | the first stage of CBT to treat addiction - identifies triggers |
| Skills training | the second stage of CBT to treat addiction whereby addicts learn ways to control the patterns of behaviour that lead to their addiction |
| Detoxification | when an addict tries to stop taking the substance they are addicted to |
| Longitudinal study | the same people are tested over a period of time to investigate changes |
| Likert-type scale | a scale where a person can rate their level of agreement to a statement |
| Hemisphere | half of the brain, if we imagine a person facing forward and then we look down from the top there's a left and right side |
| Cerebrum | the largest part of the brain where higher processing happens; it includes the cortex |
| Cortex | the outer layer of the brain |
| Spinal cord | a pathway of nerves inside the spine, which connects the brain to the rest of the body through the peripheral nervous system (PHS) |
| Brainstem | the part of the brain that connects the spinal cord to the upper brain |
| Reflexes | actions that are automatic and do not require conscious thought |
| Frontal lobe | the area at the front of the brain responsible for decision-making and impulse control |
| Temporal lobe | the area on the side of the brain that contains hearing and memory |
| Parietal lobe | the area at the top of the brain that plays an important role in perception and touch |
| Occipital lobe | the area at the back of the brain that controls vision |
| Lateralisation of function | the different jobs that are done by each half of the brain, they have their own specialities |
| Asymmetrical | the two hemispheres have different amounts in how they work on different tasks, not equal to each other |
| Corpus callosum | a thick bundle of nerve fibres connecting the two hemispheres of the brain so they can communicate with each other |
| Broca's area | a part of the left hemisphere of the brain that contains speech production |
| Spatial awareness | the ability to negotiate space and navigate our way around our environment |
| Central nervous system (CNS) | the brain and spinal cord, which relays messages from the brain to the rest of the body to instruct it what to do |
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | the system of nerves that connect the central nervous system (mainly the spinal cord) to the skin, muscles and organs |
| Neurotransmitters | chemicals found within the nervous system that pass messages from one neuron to another across a synapse |
| Neuron | a nerve cell that transmits information |
| Synaptic transmission | the process by which neurotransmitters are released by a neuron, move across the synaptic gap and are then taken up by another neuron |
| Synapse | a gap between two neurons that allows messages, in the form of neurotransmitters, to pass from one cell to another |
| Axon | the long structure that connects the cell body of a neuron to the terminal button at the end of the cell |
| Terminal button | the end of a neuron |
| Vesicles | small sacs containing neurotransmitter (chemical) molecules |
| Receptors | special sites on neurons that are designed to absorb neurotransmitter molecules |
| Neurological damage | damage to the body's central and peripheral nervous system |
| Visual agnosia | an inability to recognise things that can be seen |
| Prosopagnosia | 'face-blindness' or an inability to recognise faces |
| Pre-frontal cortex | the area of the brain's cortex at the very front of the frontal lobe, immediately behind the forehead |
| Agnosia | an inability to interpret sensations and thus to recognise things |
| Fusiform face area (FFA) | part of the temporal lobe, close to the occipital lobe, that is thought to help in face recognition |
| White matter | brain and spinal cord tissue, consisting mainly of nerve fibres (axons) |
| Neuroscience | the scientific study of the brain and nervous system |
| Post-mortem | an examination of a body after death |
| EEG (electroencephalograph) | a method of measuring brain activity using electrodes placed on the scalp |
| MRI (magnetic resonance imagine) | a method of studying the brain using electromagnets |
| PET (positron emission tomography) | imagery showing the amount of energy being used throughout the brain |
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