22030525
Description
Flashcards by Evian Chai, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Evian Chai
about 4 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Where does the Link Reaction occur? | In the cytosol of the cytoplasm |
| What occurs in the link reaction? What is added? What enzyme is needed? What is reduced? | Pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to acetyl CoA CoASH is added Pyruvate dehydrogenase NAD+-->NADH+H+ |
| Where does the TCA Cycle occur? | Mitochondrial matrix |
| What is the TCA cycle? | Cycle of oxidations of acetyl CoA to produce intermediates |
| What does the TCA cycle produce? | 3 NADH+H+, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP (10ATP in total) Converts acetyl CoA to 2 CO2 |
| What is the order of events in the TCA cycle? | 1. Acetyl CoA 2. Citrate 3. Isocitrate 4. Alpha keto glutarate 5. Succinyl CoA 6. Succinate 7. Fumarate 8. L-Malate 9. OAA |
| What does citrate synthase do? | Convert Acetyl CoA to citrate |
| What does isocitrate dehydrogenase do? What is reduced/produced? | Oxidises isocitrate to alpha-keto glutarate NAD+-->NADH+H+ Produces CO2 |
| What does alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase do? What is reduced/produced? | Oxidises Alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA NAD+-->NADH+H+ Produces CO2 |
| When is CoASH removed in the TCA cycle? | When succinyl CoA becomes Succinate using succinyl CoA synthase (GDP-->GTP+Pi) |
| What does succinate dehydrogenase do?What is reduced/produced? | Oxidises succinate to fumarate FAD-->FADH2 |
| What does malate dehydrogenase do?What is reduced/produced? | Oxidises malate to OOA NAD-->NADH+H+ |
| What are the three irreversible steps of the TCA pathway where allosteric regulation occurs? | 1. Acetyl CoA-->Citrate via citrate synthase 2. Isocitrate-->Alpha-ketoglutarate via isocitrate dehydrogenase 3. Alpha-ketoglutarate-->Succinyl CoA via alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
| What are the intermediates produced during the TCA cycle used for? | Succinyl CoA-->Hemes Alpha ketoglutarate can undergo transamination to become glutamate Oxoloacetate can undergo transamination to become Aspartate |
| What is oxaloacetate produced by the TCA cycle used for? | Can become phosphoenolpyruvate, then undergoes reverse glycolysis to form glucose (gluconeogenesis) |
| What is oxidative phosphorylation? | The transfer of H atoms to O2 for the purpose of energy trapping/synthesis |
| What does oxidative phosphorylation yield? | 30/32 ATP |
| Where does oxidative phosphorylation happen? | Inner mitochondrial membrane |
| Which complex in the e- transport chain can FADH2 reduce? | Complex II As a result, FADH2 will have fewer protons being pumped into the inter membrane space as electrons are only supplied at complex 2 |
| Flavin cofactors and CoQ are... | H+ acceptors |
| Iron sulphur proteins and Cytochrome proteins are... | Electron acceptors |
| In the E- transport chain, electrons flow in what direction? | from carriers with a more negative redox potential to a more positive |
| What are the steps of the e- transport chain? | 1. NADH-->NAD+ by donating two electrons to Flavin MonoNucleotide in Complex 1 2. FADH2 also supplies 2 electrons but only in complex 2 3. Electrons are passed from one electron carrier to the next (Complexes II/Coenzyme Q, III,Cytochrome C oxidase, IV) until the last cytochrome of the chain (Cyt a3), which passes its electrons to oxygen 4. Oxygen also picks up 2H+, forming water |
| What is the energy from the e- transport chain used for? | Pump protons from inner mitochondrial membrane to intermembrane space, creating the protonmotive force |
| What are the two parts of the protonmotive force? | 1. Voltage gradient (more positive outside) 2. pH gradient (more acidic inside 7.2 vs. 7.9) |
| What does the protonmotive force power? | ATP synthase |
| What occurs when levels of ADP rise/ATP falls? | Increased O2 uptake, increase oxi. phos. Vice versa if ADP falls/ATP rises |
| What are inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation? | CN- Carbon monoxide Rotenone (inhibits complex 1) Inhibit the activity of cytochrome |
| What do uncouplers do? | Create channel bypassing ATP synthase to release energy as heat |
| What are examples of uncouplers? | Dinitrophenol Thermogenin protein in brown adipose tissue |
| Summary of ATP synthesis | 2 from glycolysis 5 from 2xNADH from pyruvate dehydrogenase 2 from GTP from TCA 15 from 6xNADH from TCA 3 from 2XFADH2 from TCA 5/3 from NADH from glycolysis Total 30/32 |
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