22069880
Description
Flashcards by Evian Chai, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Evian Chai
about 4 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are the functions of the kidney? | 1. Excrete metabolites 2. Control body fluid composition (volume, osmo, pH) 3. Endocrine |
| The kidney is located between the...vertabrae | T12-L3 |
| The two parts of the nephron are the ... and the ... | Renal corpuscle and the tubule |
| The renal corpuscles contains which 3 structures? | 1. Bowman's capsule 2. Bowman's space 3. Glomerulus |
| What are the three layers of ultrafiltration on Bowman's capsule, and their functions? | 1. Fenestrated capillary epithelium - permeable pores 2. Basement membrane - fixed polyanions with negative charge to repel proteins 3. Podocytes (tubular epithelium) - filtration slits of 8nm - primary/secondary processes wrap around capillaries |
| What is the difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons? | - Cortical nephrons are on the outer 2/3 of the cortex and have shorter LoH - Juxtamedullary nephrons are on the inner 2/3 of the cortex and have a long LoH |
| The Juxtaglomelular Apparatus is a group of specialised cells between the [...] and the ... | Afferent arteriole Distal Collecting Tubule |
| The three types of cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus are | 1. Juxtaglomelular cells 2. Macula Densa cells 3. Extraglomelular mesiangial cells |
| What to juxtaglomerular cells do? | Secrete renin |
| What do macula densa cells do? | Sense Na+ concentration |
| What do extraglomelular mesiangial cells do? | 1. Produce ECM 2. Secrete erythropoietin 3. Have SM fibers 4. Phagocytic role |
| What is the nephron supplied by? What does blood leave from? | Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole |
| What are the two sets of capillary beds in the nephron? What is their relation to each other? | Peritubular and Glomeruli capillary beds Lie in series with each other (rate of flow is same vs. in parallel) |
| Glomelular reaborption is the movement of ... from ... into ... and is a ...process | solutes/fluid lumen of capillaries Bowman's space Passive |
| Tubular reabsorption is the movement of substances from ... to ... | Tubules Capillaries |
| Tubular reabsorption is the movement of substances from ... to ... It mainly occurs in | Peritubular Capillaries Tubules PCT/Collecting duct |
| What does the kidney also metabolise? | Glutamine |
| The amount excreted by the kidney is equal to | Amount filtered + amount secreted-amount reabsorbed |
| In terms of secretion, filtration and reabsorption, Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) is | Freely secreted, filtered, but not reabsorbed at all |
| In terms of secretion, filtration and reabsorption, H20 and Urea are | Freely filtered and partially reabsorbed |
| In terms of secretion, filtration and reabsorption, glucose and bicarbonate are | Freely filtered and completely reabsorbed |
| Glomerular Filtration Rate is the | the volume of fluid filtered from the glomerulus/min (ml/min) |
| What are 4 factors affecting GFR? | 1. Starling Forces 2. Hydraulic permeability 3. Surface area 4. Neural/hormonal input |
| Starling forces is equal to ... What is ... impacted by? | Hydrostatic difference between capillary and Bowman's Capsule minus oncotic difference between capillary and Bowman's Capsule |
| Since Mesangial cells of the A.A have Smooth muscle innervated by the SNS, increased SNS activity does what to GFR? (3) | 1. Increases constriction, lowers starling forces 2. Lowers SA so Lowers GFR |
| Normal filtration rate is how many L a day? | 180L/day |
| Urine output is how many L a day? | 1.5L a day |
| How does the diameter of AA/EA impact the hydrostatic forces? How does this impact GFR? | Diameter of AA/EE - Constricting AA decreases fluid entering, so decreased difference in pressure/force between capillary and Bowman's Capsule Lowers GFR - Constricting EE increases hydrostatic pressure, increases GFR |
| What are 3 adaptations of the luminal membrane? | 1. Brush border with microvilli to increase SA 2. Lots of mitochondria for ATP 3. Na+ coupled cotransporters for glucose |
| How are glucose/AA/Phosphate/Sulphate transported in? | Na+ Cotransporters |
| How are urea/chloride/K+/Ca+/HCO3- transported in? | Passive Reabsorption |
| How are organic acids (anions) secreted into the tubules? | 1. Organic anion enters cell in exchange for Dicarboxylate (DC-) that had accumulated in cells via metabolism/Na+ coupled cotransport 2. OA- enters tubule lumen via ATP dependant transporters |
| What creates the gradient for transporting DC into the cell? | Na+/K+ pump pumps Na+ OUTSIDE cell to create gradient for DC/Na+ cotransporter so DC can enter cell |
| How are organic bases (cations) secreted into the cell before the tubule lumen? | Enter cell via facilitated cation transporters |
| How are organic bases (cations) secreted from the cell into the tubule lumen? | MATES antiporters pumps out in exchange for H+ |
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