Individual Differences- Psychopathology

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A Levels AS Psychology Flashcards on Individual Differences- Psychopathology, created by caitlindavies8 on 16/04/2015.
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Flashcards by caitlindavies8, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by caitlindavies8 almost 9 years ago
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Pyschopathology The study of mental, emotional and behavioural problems
Social Norms Standards of acceptable behaviour that are set by the social group
'Deviation from social norms'- abnormality Definition that sees abnormality as behaviour that violates expected standards of how people should behave
Maladaptive behaviour behaviour that prevents a person from achieving major life goals such as enjoying good relationships with others
'Failure to function adequately'- abnormality Definition that views a person as abnormal if they experience suffering and distress and are unable to cope with everyday activities
'Deviation from ideal mental health'- abnormality Definition that focuses on criteria from normality and if a person deviates from these ideas this would indicate abnormality
ICD-10 and DSM-IV Classification systems used in psychiatry to diagnose someone with a specific disorder
Concordance rate If one twin has a disorder, the likelihood that the other twin also has it
Neurotransmitters Chemicals that transmit nerve impulses from one nerve to the next, e.g. serotonin
Hormones Chemicals released into the bloodstream by the endocrine system, e.g. cortisol
Reductionist Tries to explain something complex by reducing it to a simple explanation, typically by focussing on just one factor
Deterministic Sees behaviour being shaped or controlled by internal or external forces rather than by the person's free will
Diathesis-stress hypothesis Proposal that people might inherit a genetic vulnerability or risk factor that then interacts with environmental stressor to produce a disorder
Frontal lobotomy Treatment that involves cutting pathways in the brain
Electro convulsive therapy (ECT) Passing a small electric current through the brain to cause a seizure. Still used to treat depression
Psychiatric drugs Drugs that modify the working of the brain and affect mood and behaviour
Classical conditioning A form of learning based on association between two stimuli
Operant conditioning A form of learning based on reinforcement
Social learning A form of learning based on observation and imitation
Systematic desensitisation A treatment that involves counter-conditioning where a person is trained to substitute a relaxation response for the fear response
Aversion therapy A treatment where the aim is to replace an undesirable association by associating the undesirable behaviour with an unpleasant stimulus
Id Part of personality that is present from birth, develops during the oral stage and is based on the pleasure principal
Ego Part of the personality that develops during the anal stage and is based on the reality principal
Superego Part of personality that develops during the phallic stage and is our sense of morality or conscience
Ego defence mechanisms These are used by the ego to prevent anxiety resulting from psychic conflict reaching consciousness
Psychoanalysis Talking therapy that attempts to uncover repressed material and help the client understand the origins of their problems
Free association Technique where the client is encouraged to express anything that comes into their mind
Manifest content The part of the dream that the client can recall
Latent content The actual meaning of the dream that is revealed through the therapist's interpretation
Resistance Anything that prevents the progress of therapy. It can be concious or unconscious
Transference This occurs when the client transfers attitudes from the past towards the therapist
Polarised thinking A cognitive bias that involves seeing everything in black and white
Magnification A cognitive bias that involves making a mountain out of a molehill
Overgeneralisation A cognitive bias that involves making sweeping generalisations from a single event
Cognitive triad Three forms of negative thinking typical of someone suffering from depression. Negative view of the self, world and future.
CBT Therapy that involves challenging a person's irrational cognitions and replacing them with more realistic ones
REBT CBT technique developed by Ellis, based on the ABC technique of irrational beliefs
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