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Flashcards

Ethics

Eric Lee English 39 cards

Cards in this deck (39)

  1. 1False Ethics Assumptions1) Bad apples are the cause of ethical problems in organizations
    2) Employees should already know the difference between right and wrong
    3) Adults' ethics are fully formed and their moral values are not changeable
  2. 2Ethics behavior in businessBehavior that is consistent with the principles, norms, and standards of business that have been agreed upon by society.
  3. 3Ethical DilemmaSituation where values are in conflict
  4. 4Consequentialist Theories-Utilitarianism
    -Identify alternative actions and consequences to stakeholders
    -Best decisions yields greatest net benefit to society
    -worst decision yields greatest harms to society
  5. 5Consequentialist Questions-Can I identify the stakeholders?
    -What are the potential actions I could take?
    -What are the harms and benefits for stakeholders given potential decisions/actions?
    -What decision will produce the most benefit and least harm for the greatest number of people and society?
  6. 6Advantages and disadvantages of Consequentialist theoriesAdvantages:
    PRactical
    Already underlies business thinking
    Disadvantages:
    Difficult to evaluate all consequences
    Rights of minorities can be sacrificed
  7. 7Deontological Theories-Decisions based upon universal principles such as honesty, promise-keeping, fairness, rights, justice, respect
    -Focus on doing what's "right" rather than doing what will maximize societal welfare
  8. 8Deontological Rules-Golden Rule
    -Kant's categorical imperative "What kind of world would it be if everyone behaved this way?"
    -Rawls' veil of ignorance "What would decision be if decision makers knew nothing about identity or status?"
  9. 9Deontological Theories Advantages and ChallengesAdvantages: Rights approach found in public debates (e.g. abortion)
    Challenges:
    -Determining which rule, principle, or right to follow. (Golden or Kant?)
    -Deciding which rule takes precedence
    -Reconciling deontological and consequentialist approaches when they conflict
  10. 10Virtue EthicsFocuses on integrity of moral actor rather than the act.
    Considers character, motivations, and intentions
    Character is defined by one's community
    Disclosure Rule: How would you feel if your behavior appeared on the New York Times?
  11. 11Virtue Ethics (Focus on Integrity) Advantages and ChallengesAdvantages:
    Can rely upon community standards
    Challenges:
    -Limited agreement about community standards
    -Many communities haven't done this kind of thinking
    -Community may be wrong
  12. 12Eight steps to sound ethical decision making1) Gather facts
    2) Define ethical issues
    3) Identify affected parties
    4) Idnetify consequences
    5) Identify obligations
    6) Consider your character and integrity
    7) Think creatively about potential actions
    8) Check your gut
  13. 13Ethical Decision making styles-Idealism (consequentialist)
    -Relativism (deontological)
    force yourself to consciously consider more than one approach
  14. 14Locus of ControlIndividual perception of how much control he or she exerts over events in life
    Internals are more likely to see connection between their own behavior and outcomes and take responsibility for their behavior.
    Internals more likely to do what they think is right
  15. 15MachiavellianismSelf interested, opportunistic, deceptive, manupulative
  16. 16Moral disengagementTendency to deactivate internal control system to feel okay about doing unethical things
  17. 17Eight mechanisms for moral disengagmentEuphemistic language (liar loans)
    Attribution of blame
    Moral justification
    Advantageous comparison
    Displacement of reponsibility
    Diffusion of responsibility
    distorting consequences
    Dehumanization
  18. 18Illusion of controlTendency to underestimate risks because of the belief that we are in charge of what happens
  19. 19illusion of superiorityUnconscious distortion of information in order to maintain a positive self-image
  20. 20Cognitive biasesthe result of trying to reduce uncertainty and simplify the world
  21. 21Question sequence Consequentialist Deontological Virtue ethicsWho are the stakeholders, and harms and benefits to each?
    What could we do to benefit most people?
    What is the best decision for society overall?
    Golden rule
    Kant's categorical imperative (what kind of world would this be?)
    Rawls' veil of ignorance
    How our decision would look on the New York Times?
    What decision feels best according to your own character and values?
  22. 22Quid Pro Quo Hostile work environmentSexual favors are a requirement for advancement
    worker feels uncomfortable because of unwelcome comment or sexual behavior
  23. 23According to sexual harassment lawFeelings considered more than intentions
  24. 24Conflict of interestIntersection of professional and personal interests
    Is your judgement or objectivity compromised by a relationship you have with an individual or organization?
  25. 25How to blow the whistle-Approach immediate manager first
    -Discuss issue with family
    -Take it to next level
    -Contact company ethic's officer
    -Consider going outside your chain of command
    -Go outside the company
    -Leave company
  26. 26Pyschological egoism pathwayP --> D
    Perception to Decision
    -Shortest pathway
    -Individuals motivated to act in their self-interest (economic)
    -Circumstance perceived and decision is taken by downplaying any previous judgement or information that may alter one's perspective.
    -Dismisses more thoughtful analysis
  27. 27Deontological PathwayP --> J --> D
    Perception to judgement to decision
    -Rules and laws are framed (P) and applied and analyzed in a situation (J) before a decision is made (D)
    -Decision made on a judgement based on a perception of a circumstance
    -to make adequate judgements we have to understand what our ethical duties are and what correct rules exist to regulate duties
    -ignores additional info in that the rules or laws are encoded in one's framing of the environment
  28. 28Utilitarian PathwayI --> J --> D
    Information to Judgement to Decision
    -Committed to the maximization of the good and minimization of harm to a society
    -Advocates that society should always produce the greatest possible balance of positive value or the minimum balance of negative value for all individuals affected
    -Decision is morally correct when its derived utility is higher than other alternative choices (cost-benefit analysis)
  29. 29Relativism PathwayI --> P --> D
    Information to Perception to Decision
    -Decision makers use themselves or the people around them as their basis for defending ethical standards.
    -Allows individuals to change their ethical beliefs based on situational circumstances
    -Morality is relative to the norms of one's culture
    -Current information (I) enhances or modifies perception (P) en route to a decision (D)
  30. 30Virtue Ethics PathwayP --> I --> J --> D
    -Focuses on what makes a good person, rather than what makes a good action
    -Perceptions, which are both internal and external to an organization, can influence the information gathering process before an analysis is made
    -A situation is perceived (P), which influences the selection of information (I), that is followed by an analysis or judgement (J) supporting the final decision (D)
    * Your perception comes first so it can bias your decision
  31. 31Ethics of Care PathwayI --> P --> J --> D
    -Individuals develop an ability to listen to alternative perspective and consider implications on their decisions
    -Also called "Stakeholder Theory". Subjects' decisions are motivated by not harming any stakeholder
    -Pathway information dominates the perceptual stage in an "open minded" individual
    -Relevant and reliable information (I) influences one's perception (P) in a particular situation. The modified perceptions are analyzed (J) and then a decision is made (D).
  32. 32Fraud TrianglePressure - Perceived pressure from a non-sharable financial problem produces the motive or incentive for the crime.
    Opportunity - Perceived opportunity is the perception that a control weakness is present and probability of being caught is remote
    Rationalization - an attempt to diminish the cognitive dissonance within the person
  33. 33Corporate Social ResponsibilityResponsibility beyond economic and legal obligations to act ethically and to contribute in a positive way to society
  34. 34Why CSR?Pragmatic
    -Maintain legitimacy, protect rep, viability
    -Must use power responsibly or risk losing it
    Ethical
    -As a part of society, we have the responsibility to behave ethically and contribute to greater good
    Strategic
    -Being socially responsibly creates shared value and can differentiate one from competitors
    -When society prosper, business prospers - they are partners
  35. 35CSR CSP CSVCSR- Efforts, financial resources you allocate to activities.
    CSP - Corp Social Performance. Social and environmental performance. This is how well CSR is working. Rankings of CSR active companies is CSP. The impact of the efforts.
    CSV - The strategic point of view. Strategically CSR can be a way to get a competitive advantage. If you have a competitive advantage here it can affect financial performance. However, this is a long term investment. Can not expect short term effect.
  36. 36Types of CSRPhilanthropic
    Ethical
    Legal
    Economic
  37. 37Equity FairnessWhen something is divided between two people according to the worth and inputs of the two individuals.
  38. 38Reciprocity FairnessWhen both parties hold up their end of a bargain. Fairness of Exchange
  39. 39Impartiality FairnessFairness is inconsistent with prejudice and bias.

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Flashcards on Ethics, created by Eric Lee on 22/04/2015.
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Eric Lee
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