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Description
Flashcards by Adam Hollens, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Adam Hollens
about 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Define Public Health | Public Health is the collective action taken by society to protect the health of the entire population |
| What are the two approaches to public health? | Narrow & Broad |
| Describe the narrow approach to public health | Narrow approach takes the view that the individuals own lifestyle affects their risk of diseases and therefore by using this approach, they are advising them to change their behaviour e.g. smoking However, this doesn't work if the individual is not motivated or the cause of the disease is beyond their control |
| Describe the broad approach to public health | Broad approach takes the view that the culture or society in which one lives determines the risk of a diseases. Therefore, the aim of this approach is to shape society to better suit health e.g. spend taxes on food and health instead of the military |
| What is Public Health Nutrition? | It is the promotion of good health through prevention of nutrition related illnesses in the population and involves the use of nutritional interventions. |
| What term is given to the study of a disease-cause relationship? | Epidemiology In terms of nutrition it is Nutritional Epidemiology |
| Nutritional epidemiology aims to do what in terms of diseases? | It aims to determine whether there is a link between an exposure (e.g. diet) and and an outcome (e.g. disease) |
| Why does some Public Health Nutrition information change over time? | -The relationship between an exposure and an outcome is usually complex -Measuring dietary intake is difficult with large populations -Diagnosing the outcome (e.g. disease) is often difficult |
| List a few factors that may cause uncertainty when determining the relationship between an exposure and an outcome | -Confounding factors (there may be another explanation for the outcome) e.g. obesity or smoking may be more common in people who eat more fat -Rarity of outcome e.g. if a disease is very rare, it is difficult to study large sample sizes and identify a link -Time e.g. an exposure may lead to an outcome over a period of 10 years which is a long time to study |
| What term is used to describe the main Public Health intervention? | Health Promotion |
| Describe what actions may be used in Health Promotion | Society: Healthy public policies, supportive environments, development of personal skills of public and professionals Individual: Changing behaviour through persuasion, advice, guidance etc. |
| Identify some common examples of Health Promotion in the UK | -5-a-day campaign -Traffic light labelling -Junk food advertising ban |
| What two common approaches are used to increase intakes of specific nutrients within a population? | Supplementation and fortification |
| What type of approach is supplementation and what are the limits? | -Supplementation is a NARROW approach -Requires active choice by the consumer and may depend on education/awareness |
| What type of approach is fortification and what are the benefits? | -Fortification is a BROAD approach -Nutrients are added to commonly consumed foods and this helps to ensure consumers have sufficient intake |
| Give an example of a condition that requires the intervention by a Public Health Nutritionist | SPINA BIFIDA -Leads to severe disability and is a result of not enough folic acid during pregnancy due to the increased demands (it is difficult to consume enough from food alone) -It must be provided before pregnancy and so women of child bearing age, particularly those from poorer backgrounds, low educational achievement and are overweight/obese are targeted |
| What key Publich Health Nutrition problems are there in developed countries (e.g. UK), transition countries (e.g. India) and developing countries (e.g. Sub-Saharan Africa)? | -Developed: CVD, cancer, obesity, diabetes -Transition: Obesity, malnutrition, CVD, infectious diseases -Developing: Infectious diseases, HIV, malnutrition, deficiency diseases |
| List some successes of Public Health Nutrition in the UK | -Elimination of Ricketts -Wartime food rationing -Water fluoridation -Development of dietary guidelines and dietary reference values |
| Explain how PHN intervened to eliminate ricketts | Provided cod-liver oil supplements to children on poor diets and passed a law that stated margarine had to be fortified with vitamin D |
| List some benefits of wartime rationing and describe some of the impacts that resulted from it | BENEFITS: Majority were fed better than pre-rationing, health education and "National Loaf' IMPACTS: -Population ate less meat, fat, eggs and sugar -Poor people received rations that increased protein and vitamins -Death rates among infants declined |
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