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Description
Flashcards by Adam Hollens, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Adam Hollens
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Define Obesity | Obesity is the condition of abnormal or excessive fat accumulation in the adipose tissue to the extent that health may be impaired |
| Name four different adipose tissue depots in the body | -Visceral (surrounding organs) -Subcutaneous (under skin) -Intermuscular (between muscles) -Intramuscular (within muscles) |
| What type of fat cells is adipose tissue composed of and how are these cells organised? | Adipose tissue is composed of adipocytes. These are organised into lobules which are separated by connective tissue called septa. |
| What role does the connective tissue "Septa" have in adipose tissue? | Septa carries blood vessels and nerves to the adipose tissue |
| List five different functions of adipose tissue | -Energy store (as triglycerides) -Thermal insulation -Protection of vital organs -Generation of heat in neonates (brown adipose tissue) -Sources of hormones/endocrine factors |
| Excess fat can be stored in the adipose tissue. What are the two ways in which it does this? | -Hyperplasia (increasing cell number) -Hypertrophy (increasing cell size) |
| By what other name is BMI also known as? | Quetelet index |
| How is BMI calculated? | Weight (kg) / Height (m^2) |
| List the values which indicate the following BMI ranges: Underweight, normal, overweight and obese | -Underweight = below 18.5 -Normal = 18.5-24.9 -Overweight = 25.0-29.9 -Obese = 30 and above |
| Fat may be distributed differently in different people. Name the two most common types of fat distribution and describe these types | -Central obesity (apple-shaped) associated with abdominal and visceral fat, increases risk of disease and is common in men -Peripheral obesity (pear-shaped) associated with gluteal and femoral fat, lower risk of disease and is common in women |
| Waist circumference is another test used to measure obesity and risk of disease. What measurements indicate an increased risk and a substantial risk in men and women? | -Men: Increased = 94cm (37inch) or above Substantial = 102cm (40inch) or above -Women: Increased = 80cm (32inch) or above Substantial = 88cm (35inch) or above |
| How is waist : hip ratio calculated? | Waist measurement/hip measurement |
| List 8 different forms of measuring obesity | 1) BMI 2) Waist circumference 3) Waist : Hip ratio 4) Skinfold thickness 5) Bioimpedance 6) DXA 7) MRI 8) CT scan |
| Which age group seems to have the highest proportion of obesity in the UK in both men and women? | Ages 55-64 |
| Which age group tends to have the highest proportion of individuals with a healthy BMI in the UK in both men and women? | Ages 16-24 |
| What regional differences does there seem to be in the UK in terms of obesity? | North/South divide - tends to be a higher proportion of obesity the more north you travel in the UK with Scotland having the highest proportions |
| How many people are predicted to be obese in 2050? | 60% of men and 50% of women will be obese with only 10-15% at healthy BMI |
| Ultimately, what is the cause of obesity? | Energy intake is greater than energy expenditure which can be caused by increased food intake or decreased energy expenditure (e.g. through exercise) |
| Eating 100kcals extra per day for 23 months will result in how much weight gain? | 10kg |
| List 8 different factors that may lead to energy imbalance and give an example of how each factor may contribute towards this | 1) Social (different cultures) 2) Medical (steroids may increase appetite) 3) Economic (energy dense junk food cheap) 4) Media (advertising junk food) 5) Psychological (comfort eating) 6) Biological (predisposition to weight gain or food intake) 7) Exercise (lack of) 8) Infrastructure (no need to hunt, can just drive/get delivered) |
| Describe how genetic factors may contribute towards obesity | -Familial predisposition to obesity -Children not only inherit genes from parents but inherit lifestyles, cultures, attitudes and beliefs -Studies on adopted twins suggest genetic factors may contribute to weight gain |
| It is hypothesised that genes may contribute towards obesity. Describe the roles genes have in terms of energy intake and expenditure | A huge number of genes encode proteins which are involved with the regulation of energy intake (e.g. regulation of appetite or food preferences) and energy expenditure (e.g. basal energy expenditure and non-exercise thermogenesis) |
| What does the hypothesis known as "Thrifty Genotype" suggest may be the cause of obesity | It is thought that humans have developed to favour energy storage incase of famine but in todays obesogenic world this predisposes people to obesity |
| Explain the genotype-environment interaction | Genotype-environment interaction can: -determine an individuals susceptibility to becoming obese in response to an environmental factor (e.g. high fat diet) -determine an obese individuals risk of developing comorbidities associated with obesity (e.g. diabetes, hypertension & CHD) |
| Describe the economic costs of obesity | -NHS cost of treating obesity and comorbidities = £6.3billion -UK economy cost of treating obesity and comorbidities = £50billion -In 1998, obesity accounted for 18million sick days, 30,000 deaths and 9,000 deaths before retirement (loss of working people) |
| List 6 comorbidities which are often associated with obesity | 1) Diabetes 2) Cancer 3) Sleep apnea 4) Hypertension 5) CVD 6) Psychological stress |
| Adipose tissue is described as an active organ. List 5 functions that it is involved in | 1) Appetite and energy balance 2) Lipid metabolism 3) Insulin sensitivity/glucose homeostasis 4) Reproduction 5) Blood pressure regulation |
| What percentage of the UK population are hypertensive and how much does this cost the NHS in anti-hypertensive drugs? | -35% are hypertensive -Costs NHS £500million in anti-hypertensive drugs per year |
| How is obesity linked to coronary heart disease? | A primary risk factor for CHD is hypertension and 85% of CHD cases arise in people with a BMI greater than 25. Angiotensinogen is released from adipose tissue which increases blood volume and viscosity which increases blood pressure. |
| List the 3 recognised approaches for weight loss | 1) Lifestyle changes (e.g. dietary management and physical activity) 2) Bariatric surgery 3) Pharmacotherapy |
| What benefits may be observed from a 10kg weight loss? | -Total mortality is decreased by 20% -Systolic blood pressure decreased by 10mmHg -Diastolic blood pressure decreased by 20mmHg -Diabetes fasting glucose decreased by 50% -Total cholesterol decreased by 10% -Triglycerides decreased by 30% |
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