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Flashcards

LIFE 1010 Final Exam Study Guide

Cheyenne Stoner Biology English 106 cards

Cards in this deck (106)

  1. 1divergent evolutiontrait similarities due to common ancestry
  2. 2convergent evolutiontrait similarities due to adaptation to the environment
  3. 3vestigial traitsanatomical structures with no apparent function
  4. 4natural selection acts uponindividuals
  5. 5evolution acts withinpopulations over time
  6. 6conditions for natural selectionindividuals vary in heritable characteristics, versions of these traits increase fitness of those possessing them
  7. 7example of co-dominancebloodtype
  8. 8example of incomplete dominance1:2:1 ratios; pink, white and red phenotypes
  9. 9test crossusing a recessive only parent to find genotype of the other parent
  10. 10independent assortmentgenes are located on different chromosomes
  11. 11key reasons for sexual reproductiongenetic reassortment, 2 copies of every gene
  12. 12Meiosiscell division to produce gametes
  13. 13first division of meiosisseparate homo chromo
  14. 14second division of meiosisseparate sister chromatid pairs
  15. 15crossing over occurslate prophase 1 of meiosis
  16. 16interphasecell not dividing
  17. 17s phasechromosomes replicated
  18. 18G1 phasecell grows and serves function
  19. 19G2 phasecell grows and prepares for final division
  20. 20m phasecell division
  21. 21G1 checkpointproper amount of cell components
  22. 22G2 checkpointDNA replicated properly
  23. 23M checkpointmicrotubules attach, DNA seperate
  24. 24directional selectionfavors one extreme
  25. 25stabilizing selectionfavors average phenotype
  26. 26disruptive selectionfavors extremes at the ends
  27. 27genetic driftrandom changes in allele frequency
  28. 28founder effectimmigrants establish a new population
  29. 29bottleneck effecthigh random mortality (decreases gene pool)
  30. 30Gene flow/genetic shiftmovement of alleles reduces differences between populations
  31. 31mutationmay lead to phenotypic variation, can introduce new alleles
  32. 32biological species conceptonly members of same species produce viable offspring
  33. 33morphospecies conceptspecies designations are based on morphological features
  34. 34phylogenetic species conceptDNA and trait similarity
  35. 35allopatric speciationdispersal, vicariance
  36. 36sympatric speciationdisruptive selection, large scale chromosome changes
  37. 37photosynthesis composes oflight and dark reactions
  38. 38light reactions makeatp, nadph, o2
  39. 39dark reactions makeglucose
  40. 40photosynthesis occurs inchloroplast
  41. 41nucleic acids5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
  42. 42DNA demonstrates what kind of replicationsemiconservative
  43. 43helicaseunwinds DNA and opens double helix
  44. 44topoisomeraserelieves tension
  45. 45RNA primasesynthesizes RNA primers, allows DNA pol 3 to begin
  46. 46DNA pol 3primary replication; extends leading and lagging strands
  47. 47DNA pol 1secondary replication; removes RNA primers by replacing them with DNA
  48. 48DNA ligaseseals nicks in the DNA backbone
  49. 49steps of dna replication processreplication, transcription, translation (DNA to mRNA to proteins)
  50. 50genes are composed ofpromoter, transcriptional unit, terminator
  51. 51preparing mRNA for translationremoval of introns, addition of guanine cap, add poly-A tail
  52. 52phases of translationinitiation, elongation, termination
  53. 53initiation of translationbinding of mRNA to the ribosomal subunit
  54. 54elongation of translationtRNA corresponding to the next codon binds at the open A site
  55. 55termination of translationa STOP codon enters the A site
  56. 56silent mutationsame amino acid, no pheno change
  57. 57missense mutationdifferent amino acid, maybe pheno change
  58. 58nonsense mutationchange in amino acid creates a STOP codon, very likely pheno change
  59. 59frameshift mutationadd/delete nucleotide, very likely pheno change
  60. 60which mutations have a high potential of creating a knockout geneframeshift and nonsense
  61. 61not compartmentalizing advantagesquick response to stimulus, easy replication
  62. 62compartmentalizing advantagesseparation of incompatible reactions
  63. 63nucleusstores chromosomes
  64. 64ribosomessynthesize proteins
  65. 65rough ERsynthesize proteins that leave the cell
  66. 66smooth ERsynthesize oils, phospholipids, and steroids
  67. 67golgi apparatusprocessing and targeting of lipids, proteins and carbs
  68. 68cytoskeletonstructural support and movement
  69. 69lysosomeswaste processing and recycling
  70. 70mitochondriacell respiration
  71. 71chloroplastphotosynthesis
  72. 72endosymbiosis theory supportown DNA, own ribosomes, double membranes
  73. 73endocytosismoves stuff into cells
  74. 74exocytosismoves stuff out of cells
  75. 75anabolicconsume energy, build molecules
  76. 76catabolicrelease energy, breakdown molecules
  77. 77Enzyme action stepsinitiation, transition state facilitation, termination
  78. 78initiation of enzymesubstrate binds to the active site of the enzyme
  79. 79transition state facilitation of enzymereactant bonds can be broken, new bonds formed. May require enzyme to change shape
  80. 80termination of enzymerelease of product, enzyme is unchanged
  81. 81cofactorsnon-protein chemical compound that is required for an enzymes activity as a catalyst
  82. 82competitive inhibitionbinding to the active site and blocking the substrate
  83. 83noncompetitive/allosteric regulationbinding at area other than the active site, active site changes shape
  84. 84steps to completely oxidize glucoseglycolysis, pyruvate processing, TCA cycle, ETC and Ox Phos
  85. 85glycolysisglucose to pyruvate (produce 2ATP, 2NADH)
  86. 86pyruvate processingpyruvate to acetyl coA (produce 2ATP, 2CO2)
  87. 87TCA cycleacetyl coA to oxalocetate (produce 2ATP, 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2)
  88. 88OxPhos and ETCO2 to H2O, NADH and FADH2 to ATP (produce water and about 25 ATP)
  89. 89fermentationglucose to lactate or ethanol with CO2 (produce 2ATP)
  90. 90natural selection conditionsvariability in heritable traits, traits increase fitness of those possessing them
  91. 91-NH2amino, polar
  92. 92-COOHcarboxyl, acidic
  93. 93-C=Ocarbonyl, polar
  94. 94-OHhydroxyl, polar
  95. 95-PO4^2-phosphate, polar
  96. 96-SHsulfhydryl, polar
  97. 97protein, amino acidpeptide bond
  98. 98nucleic acid, nucleotidephosphodiester bond
  99. 99carbohydrates, monosaccharideglycosidic linkages
  100. 100amino acid compositionamino group, carboxyl group, central C, R group
  101. 101nucleotide compositionphosphate group, 5C sugar, nitrogenous base
  102. 102saturated lipidssolid at room temperature
  103. 103unsaturated lipidsliquid at room temperature (kinks)
  104. 104hypertonicsolution has high solute concentration
  105. 105passive diffusionmove across membrane to equilibrium
  106. 106facilitated diffusionmovement through transmembrane proteins

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Biology Flashcards on LIFE 1010 Final Exam Study Guide, created by Cheyenne Stoner on 08/05/2021.
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