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Memory 1 - Intro & Sensory Memory

Izati Saim Cognitive psychology undergraduate English 32 cards

Memory 1 - Intro & Sensory Memory

Cards in this deck (32)

  1. 1What is memory?Refers to the cognitive processes that are used to acquire, store, retain, & retrieve information
  2. 2William James (1890)- Streams of thought flows on - segment fails into bottomless abyss
    - Some - No memory survives instant of their passages - others confined
    - Leaves vestiges - indestructible - means ve recalled as long as life endures
  3. 3Memory- Can involve information that acquired a few seconds ago, a couple minutes ago, some days,weeks,years, decades ago - DURATION
    - Types of memory:
    - Explicit or Declarative memory
    - Implicit or Non-Declarative Memory
    - Is about information that is remembered as well as about information that is forgotten
  4. 4Explicit or Declarative memoryRefers to information that can be expressed in words
  5. 5Implicit or Non-Declarative MemoryCANNOT be expressed in words
    - Includes:
    - Procedural Memory
    - Priming
    - Conditioning
  6. 6How do we EXAMINE Memory?- Examined with different tasks:
    1) Free Recall
    2) Cued Recall
    3) Recognition
    - All memory tasks have 3 phases:
    1) Learning, study, or encoding phase
    2) Interval, consolidation, or retention phase
    3) Test or retrieval phase
  7. 7Free Recall 1- Participants are presented with stimuli, and later are asked to retrieve these stimuli
    - Eg. Write down as much as you can remember - order DOES NOT matter
    - Alternatively, participants can be asked to remember something they already have in their memory - stimuli that was NOT presented in the study but learned previously
  8. 8Free Recall 2- Stimuli is not just words, letters, or numbers - can also be images of objects/people or other kinds of stimuli - smells, sounds, physical objects, etc.
    - The information that needs to be recalled can ALSO BE LEARNED PRIOR to the study
  9. 9Cued Recall- REQUIRES participants to RECALL STIMULI that is LINKED to other stimuli
    - Cues + Targets
    - Cues & Targets = learned together - during retrieval phase - participants are given the cues and asked to provide the targets
  10. 10Recognition- Participants are PRESENTED with STIMULI that they have TO LEARN
    - Later - given these targets among distractors or lures (similar stimuli that they had not learned - distractor)
    - Sometimes the options are given 1 by 1 - Participants decide for each option whether the info had been PRESENTED OR NOT ("old" vs "new")
    - Other times - 2 or more options are given at the SAME TIME - participants decide which info had been PRESENTED (eg. multiple-choice question)
  11. 11Examining Memory Tasks - how?- The stimuli or material that is tested can have DIFFERENT modalities (verbal, visual, spatial, etc) or a COMBINATION or these modalities
    - The duration of the task (between encoding & retrieval phase) determines whether the task involves sensory, short-term, or long-term memory
  12. 12Atkinson & Shriffin (1968)- 3 memory stores:
    - Sensory Memory
    - Short-term Memory
    - Long-term Memory    Atkinson & Shriffin (1968)
  13. 13Sensory Memory- Incoming info is kept for a very short duration (milliseconds)
    - UNATTENDED info is LOST
  14. 14Iconic MemoryA sensory store that holds VISUAL INFO for approximately 500 ms or perhaps somewhat longer
  15. 15Echoic MemoryA sensory store that holds AUDITORY INFO for approx 2 seconds
  16. 16Short-Term Memory- Attended info is then kept for a period of a few seconds to a few minutes
    - System - REHEARSES info that is deemed important to remember
    - Info - NOT REHEARSED = tends to be LOST
    - Has a LIMITED CAPACITY
  17. 17Working Memory- A theory that describes STM
  18. 18Long-Term Memory- Rehearsed info - kept in LTM for a long period of time
    - Info in LTM can be lost too - especially when NOT REGULARLY RETRIEVED
    - UNLIMITED capacity
    - When we retrieve info from LTM - returned to STM
  19. 19Information in sensory and STM is...Episodic
  20. 20Episodic Memory- We remember where and when we had learned the information
    - Experiences & Events
  21. 21Information in LTM can be either...Episodic / Semantic
  22. 22Semantic Memory- We remember the information but NO LONGER where and when we had learned the information
    - Facts & Knowledge
  23. 23All memories start out...- Episodic
    - Some remain episodic - others become semantic
  24. 24What are the CAPACITY & DURATION of sensory memory? (Jevon, 1963)- Threw a handful of black beans into a white box and asked participants to say how many beans were in the box
    - REQUIRED: Immediate answers & found that about 5 was the limit
    - More than 5 beans -answers become INNACCURATE
  25. 25Averbach (1963)- Replicated Jevon (1963) experiment with flashing pictures
    - Found that INCREASING the exposure time - INCREASED ACCURACY
    - Findings: 8 dots was the upper limit - additional exposure time - NO LONGER improved accuracy
    - 8 items - may be the limit of ICONIC MEMORY
  26. 26Sperling (1960)- Presented a 3 by 3 grid w/ letters & digits
    - When told people which row to focus on - found that people could remember more items
  27. 27Sperling (1960) - findings & conclusion- Findings - suggests that the full grid is AVAILABLE in ICONIC memory - DECAYS before participants can report the info
    - The decay - so fast that that it was initially mistaken for the limit in the capacity of iconic memory
  28. 28Iconic Memory Characteristics- Very short-lived - has a VERY LARGE CAPACITY
    - Seems to hold a pre-categorical (before interpretation of image is made) visual image
    - An accurate copy of visual info captured by the eyes
  29. 29Can the results of Sperling (1960) perhaps be explained by inferences?- Information that is recalled (eg. highlighted row) may INTERRUPT) the retrieval of info that is NOT YET RECALLED (eg. other rows)
  30. 30Alternative Views (Landman et al, 2003)Have argued that iconic memory have a LONGER DURATION than Averbach's estimate (i.e. 1600 ms)
  31. 31Alternative Views (Nairne, 2003)Has questioned the modal model and wondered whether sensory memory is actually a PART of STM
  32. 32Summary- Memory - refers to the cognitive processes that are used to acquire, store, retain, & retrieve information
    - Memory can be examined using different tasks:
    - Free recall, cued recall, recognition
    - Stimuli or material that is tested can have different modalities or combination of it
    - Duration of the task - determines whether the task involves sensory, STM or LTM
    - Iconic Memory - Kind of sensory memory - very SHORT-LIVED but seems to have LARGE CAPACITY

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undergraduate Cognitive psychology Flashcards on Memory 1 - Intro & Sensory Memory, created by Izati Saim on 14/01/2022.
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Izati Saim
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