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PA WEEK 8: Personality

jfielke Honours in Psychology University English 56 cards

Cards in this deck (56)

  1. 1List the 7 major perspectives of personality1. trait
    2. Biological
    3. Psychoanalytic
    4. Neoanalytic/ psychosocial
    5. behaviorism/ social learning
    6. phenomenological/existential
    7. cognitive self-regulation
  2. 2Older approaches to personality?Humorism
    Phrenology
  3. 3Modern Approaches to personality?Role of Nature: brain development, temperament, evolutionary mechanisms, maturation
    Role Nurture: early environments, parenting, broader influences
  4. 4What is temperament?The core of personality
    Relatively stable behr patterns form birth
    Temperament + beliefs/motivations = personality
    Biologically based
    Genetically determined
  5. 5What 6 aspects of temperament do theorists agree on?That it is:
    constitutional
    heritable
    observable from infancy
    stable across lifespan
    consistent across situations
    the biological component of personality
  6. 6What4 aspects of temperament do theorists disagree on?a common definition
    how it might be structured
    whether it's motivational or responsive
    how to measure it
  7. 73 Categories of Structures Measures/Assessments of Personality:Theory Bound
    Factor Analytic
    Empirical/ Criterion-Keyed
  8. 83 Considerations when selecting which measure to use?What's the application?
    Who was it normed on?
    Psychometric Properties?
  9. 9What are 3 community based population measures?CPI
    16PF
    NEO-PI
  10. 10California Personality Inventory (CPI): Featuresresearch based, not theory based
    norm sample of 6000
    classifies people by interpersonal behr to predict funtioning
    Categorises people into 4 types: Alphas, Betas, Gamma, Deltas
    434 items
    260 short version
  11. 11Describe the 4 CPI personality types:1. Alphas - implementers, leaders, managerial
    2. Betas - supporters, followers, structured
    3. Gammas - innovators , skeptics, extraverted
    4. Deltas - visualisers, introverted, innovative
  12. 12Some common CPI uses:academic/ career decisions
    counseling well adjusted people
    predicting job performance
  13. 13CPI strengths:well researched (2000 citations)
    popular in counseling psychology
  14. 14CPI weaknesses:Psychometric properties challenged (scales overlap)
    predicts behr, not really trait measurement
    interpretation can be convoluted
  15. 1516 Personality Factors (16PF) features:nomothetic emphasis
    based on FA of 171 trait names (empirical approach)
    16 primary scales that one is high-low on
    psychometrically sound
    used in career counseling, personnel selection, counseling
  16. 16NEO-PI-R features:240 items, 5 point scale each with 6 facets
    Based on Five Factor Model (OCEAN):
    Openness (least agreed on measure)
    Conscientiousness
    Extroversion
    Agreeableness
    Neuroticism (most agreed upon)
  17. 17What are 5 common NEO-PI-R uses:feedback & insight
    understanding client
    assist diagnosis (not as direct as MCMI)
    anticipating course of therapy
    selecting optimal treatment
  18. 18NEO-PI-R weaknesses:expensive and proprietary measure
    (IPIP version is free)
    content and cross sample replicability of Openness factor is an ongoing issue
    no lie or validity scale
    concern over validity with culturally diverse groups
  19. 19What are the clinical assessments used?Millon and MMPI
  20. 20What is a personality disorder?an enduring pattern of behr that:
    -deviates from culture
    -is pervasive/inflexible
    -onset in adolescence
    -stable over time
    -distress or impairment
  21. 21Features of a personality disorder:long lasting, extreme, maladaptive, rigid
    often don't see themselves as troubled
    mostly troubling to others
    difficult to treat
    more prone to acute disorders
    affects 10-15% population
  22. 22What are the 3 clusters of personailty disorders in DSM?Cluster A: odd/ eccentric
    Cluster B: dramatic, emotional
    Cluster C: anxious fearful
  23. 23What 3 disorders are in Cluster A Odd Eccentric?paranoid
    schizoid
    schizotypal
  24. 24What 4 disorders are in Cluster B: dramatic, emotional?antisocial
    borderline
    histrionic
    narcissistic
  25. 25What 3 disorders are in Cluster C anxious fearful?avoidant
    dependent
    obsessive-compulsive
  26. 26What is the criterion-keyed approach and how is it done?Criterion = standard on which judgements are made
    criterion group = reference group with specific characteristics, groups are different
    Process is to give a pool of items to a group who share a criterion (depression) and a random sample, look for differences in their responses to see which items discriminate one group from the other. Use these items to form a scale to detect people with this criterion in future.
  27. 27MMPI features:566 items, clinical tool
    -is criterion grouped on 8 common diagnoses/ disorders
    -original standardisation sample was highly non-representative (homogenous Minnesotans)
    15 content scales, 8 validity scales, 14 supplementary scles
  28. 28How was the MMPI developed?• Developed - 1930s by psychologist Starke Hathaway & psychiatrist/ neurologist John McKinley at Uni of Minnesota Hospital
    • Aim: develop efficient & reliable way to arrive at psychiatric diagnosis
    • Empirical criterion key approach could overcome problem with using face valid items that easy for test-taker to falsify response.
    • Started with pool of 1000 personality & symptom-related items taken from textbooks & other sources - selected 504 judged to be independent from each other. More added later.
  29. 29How is the MMPI scored?typically by computer
    uses T-scores (M=50, SD=10)
    scores above 70 are significant
    patients are rarely elevated on just 1 scale because they're intercorrelated, so interpretation is done by profile of scores ie. configural analysis
  30. 30MMPI-2 strengths:acceptable test- retest reliability
    reasonable criterion related validity
    effective validity scales
  31. 31MMPI-2 weaknesses:low internal consistency
    high item overlap
    some diagnostic categories are no longer used
    too long - 571 questions! >90 mins
    a higher order factor of 'demoralisation' runs through the clinical scales contributing to intercorrelation
  32. 32MMPI-2-RF changes: (NB this is the revised version of MMPI-2. Scales have been changed but not the norm sample, therefore not called MMPI-3. MMPI-2 and the RF are both sold for use, but different)-the RF has removed the demoralisation factor from the clinical scales
    -restructured clinical scales
    -much shorter, 50 min to complete
    -removed masculinity/femininity scale
    -developed higher order scales to help interpretation
    -revised validity scales, + one for somatic symptoms
    -50 new and revised scales
    -no new norms
  33. 33MMPI-2-RF supporters argue that:-new Restructured Clinical scales predict more with fewer items
    -new scales are not saturated with the demoralisation factor that elevated scores
    -RC scales have less item overlap
  34. 34MMPI-2 supporters (ie. RF critics) argue that:- new RC scales are too far removed from originals thus losing empirical evidence
    -removing demoralization/distress is not valid because it is part of psychopathology
    -item overlap should be expected because of complex presentations
    -RC scales don't add any additional info from originals
  35. 35MCMI (Millon) is based on what theory?Evolutionary theory
    * Millons is less commonly used than MMPI because it's theory based rather than criterion-keyed
  36. 36MCMI has 4 domains of evolutionary principles:1. Existence
    2. Adaptation
    3. Replication
    4. Abstraction
    ** personality disorders are based on 1-3
  37. 37From the 4 domains of the MCMI, 3 polarities emerge:1. pleasure-pain
    2. active-passive
    3. self-other
    ** personality disorders are derived from these polarities, and are extremes of normal factors
  38. 38What are the 3 stages of development of the MCMI?1. theoretical-substantive reality (ie items chosen on theory)
    2. internal-structural reliability (ie. examining relationship between items and scales looking for validity and reliability)
    3. external-criterion validity (do scales elevations match diagnosis)
    **therefore theory based first, criterion last
  39. 39How is the MCMI scored?-uses base-rate anchoring
    -it's normed on psychiatric patients, not normal population
    BR60 = median score for psych patients
    BR75= presence of a trait/ syndrome
    BR85= a disorder or primary syndrome
  40. 40MCMI-III (3rd edition) features include:-less items, 175 true-false
    30 minutes long
    14 personality pattern scales
    10 clinical syndrome scales
    3 modifying indicies
    1 validity scale
    used with 18+ y.o.
    *key change is that patterns correspond to DSM diagnoses
  41. 41Personality disorder diagnosis on MCMI-III is done using different scales:1. Severe Personality Scales measures: schizotypal, borderline and paranoid PD's
    2. Clinical Scales measure: schizoid, avoidant, depressive, dependent, histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, sadistic, compulsive, negativistic and masochistic
  42. 42Describe the trait perspective of personalityStable qualities in people
  43. 43Describe the biological perspective of personalityBiological process as influences of behaviour
  44. 44Describe the psychoanalytic perspective of personalityCompetition and conflict among internal forces
  45. 45Describe the neoanalytic perspective of personalityEgo development and social relationships
  46. 46Describe the behaviourism/social learning perspective of personalitySystematic behavior change resulting from experience
  47. 47Describe the phenomenological/existential perspective of personalitySubjective experience and tendency toward growth
  48. 48Describe the cognitive self-regulation perspective of personalityPatterns in behavior arising from cognitive processes
  49. 49What are the 9 areas of temperament?• Sensitivity
    • Intensity of reaction
    • Activity level
    • Adaptability
    • Approach or withdrawal
    • Persistence and attention span
    • Rythmicity or regularity
    • Quality of mood
    • Distractibility
  50. 50What are the super dimensions of temperament?emotionality
    activity level
    approach-withdrawal
  51. 51What are the 4 theory-bound structured measures of personality?Myers-Briggs
    Millon
    State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
    Eysenck’s theory
  52. 52What are the 3 factor-analytic structured measures of personality?Cattell’s 16PF
    NEO-PI-R
    Eysenck’s EPQ
  53. 53What are the 2 empirical or criterion-keyed structured measures of personality?MMPI-2
    California Personality Inventory
  54. 54How was the CPI developed?* in 1957 by Harrison Gough
    * based on folk concepts of personality (20 commonsense constructs)
    * Developed through rational approach and criterion keying (i.e. distinguish between groups having specific characteristics)
    * Goal is to classify people by interpersonal behavior to predict functioning
  55. 55What are the strengths of the 16PF?• 185 items (short)
    • Easy to administer and score
    • Psychometrically sound
    • Over 2,000 published studies since 1974
    • Somewhat higher predictive validity than other “normal” personality measures
  56. 56What are the strengths of the NEO-PI?Precision in tapping the big 5 domains
    utility in multiple settings
    strength of support for its reliability and validity

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University Honours in Psychology (PA) Flashcards on PA WEEK 8: Personality, created by jfielke on 11/10/2015.
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  • Created by Emily Molyneux · Oct 11, 2015
  • Copied by jfielke · Oct 11, 2015
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