Flashcards
Aquatic Insects
Cards in this deck (31)
- 1Primary orders- immature stages of almost all species are aquatic
- Ephemeropter, odonstan, plecopteran, trichoptera - 2Secondary Ordersi. Many families with aquatic representatives
ii. Coleoptera
iii. Diptera
iv. Megaloptera
v. Hemiptera - 3Minor Ordersi. a few specialized aquatic or semiaquatic taxa
ii. Neuroptera, orthoptera, Hymenoptera, lepidoptera - 4Life Stagesi. generally the aquatic phase occurs in immatures
ii. many examples of aquatic adults and larvae
iii. coleoptera, Hemiptera - 5Evolution of Aquatic lifea. Tracheal system of odonatan and ephemeroptera
b. Indicates terrestrial ancestry
c. All current phylogenies indicate that aquatic lifestyles have multiple independent origins
d. Arose and disappeared various times and in various lineages e.g., Coleoptera, Diptera)
e. Transition to aquatic existence requires many physiolocal changes - 6Oxygen Properties in wateri. O2 is atmospheric air: 200,000 ppm
ii. O2 in cool saturated water = <15 ppm
iii. Anaerobic respiration provides 19x les energy that aerobic respiration
iv. Insects must obtain O2 from air or water
v. O2 diffuses poorly in water
vi. Even slight turbulence enhances O2 diffusion
vii. Lotic systems (streams) with algae may supersaturate with O2 in the daytime, but algae consume O2 at night - 7Cutaneous diffusion1. Must be very small
2. First instar Diptera, trichopteran, and ephemeroptera - 8Gills1. Tracheate lamella extensions of cuticle
2. Usually abdominal or caudal
3. Ephemeroptera, plecoptera, trichopteran, etc.
4. What makes a gill a gill?
a. Large surface area, moist, vascularized, ventilated
b. Supplies over 20% of O2 demand - 9Hemoglobin1. In vertebrates:
a. Has low O2 affinity (because air is O2 rich)
2. Unloaded in acid environment via Bohr effect (carbonic acid created by CO2 un muscle) - 10In aquatic insects1. Has high O2 affinity
2. Saturated by simple body motion
3. O2 released when motion stops - 11air-breathingavoid O2 problems by breathing air
- 12Siphonsaccess to water surface, inhabit poor sites
- 13Piercing organsobtain O2 from plants
-Mansonia spp., Donacia spp. - 14Compressible gillsAir bubble held in contact with spiracles
a. Acts like scuba tank
b. O2 is depleted, more O2 diffuses in from water
c. CO2 and N2 increase, diffuse out, bubble shrinks
d. 1 bubble can supply 8x the original O2 content - 15Incompressible gillsa. Air bubble held in contact with ventral spiracles
b. Permanent “physical gill”
c. O2 diffuses in from water
d. Sedentary beetles (Elmidae) - 16Behavioral Ventilationa. Low diffusion rate = O2 depletin around water
b. Undulate body inside tube or case to maintain water supply
c. Alternative = occupy high-flow areas only - 17Habitats-Lotic
-Lentic
-Surface
-Pelagic
-Littorial - 18Lotici. Flowing water
ii. Influences substrate type, particle flow, O2 content
iii. High habitat heterogeneity
iv. Common traits of rheophilic species
1. Dorsoventrally flattened, small, benthic
2. Legs laterally projected
3. Suckers
4. Silk pads, draglines, or catch nets
5. Drift behavior - 19Lentici. Standing water
ii. Lower habitat heterogeneity - 20Surfacei. Water surface = neustonic species
ii. Hydeofuge hairs, tarsal claws preapical
iii. Detergent propulsion
iv. Divide eyes
v. Water striders, whirligig beetles - 21Pelagici. Limnetic – light penetration
1. Phantom midges – vertical migrations
2. Beetles, water boatmen; strong swimming legs
ii. Proundal: dark, often anoxic
1. Chironomid midges - 22Littoriali. Shallow, light penetration, plant growth
ii. Generally supports highest diversity
iii. Benthos – odonates, herbivores, etc. - 23Shreddersbreak up leaf litter and dead wood
i. Elmid beetles, pteronarcid stoneflies - 24CollectorsFilter feed on suspended particles
i. Blackflies, caddisflies - 25Scrapersgraze algae off of solid surfaces
i. Mayflies, beetles, some stoneflies, midges - 26Predatorsfeed on all others
i. Stoneflies, dobsonflies, beetles - 27Headwaters1. shaded, coarse litter
2. shredders dominate
3. more respiration than photosynthesis - 28Middle Reaches [3rd ot 4th order river, like the green river]1. open canopy, fine and course litter, algae, riffle-pool sequences
2. highest diversity
3. more photosynthesis than respiration - 29Lower reaches [7th or 8th order stream, like the Ohio River]1. open canopy, algae, macrophytes
2. collectors and scrapers dominate
3. more respiration than respiration - 30Why are Marine Insects rarei. Mechanical: wave action
ii. Physiological: salt
iii. Predation: fish - 31—
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- Biology Flashcards on Aquatic Insects, created by Stefania Palm on 06/12/2022.
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- Stefania Palm
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