Flashcards
Attention
Cards in this deck (60)
- 1What are the 8 characteristics of Attention?Attention varies in effort
Attention is selective
Attention is limited
Attention is captured
Attention is divided
Attention has shifting nature
Attention can be zoomed
Attention is goal directed - 2What are the two different searches?There are two types of searches including pop-out and serial
Pop-out = is easy and fast
Serial = slow, requires thorough searching, more difficult - 3Describe Broadbents paradigm?Broadbent was intrigued in knowing whether air traffic controllers (attention demand job) could understand messages from different pilots at the same time.
1. Task was giving a stimulus (different objects at different numbers) and asking pp's 2 questions at the same time.
2. pp's were instructed to answer 1 or 2 of the questions
3. Results showed that only 50% were able to answer correctly (high error rate) meaning that the task to understand multiple messages is difficult and requires you to listen closely and pay attention - 4Describe cherry's 'cocktail problem'?Cherry wanted to know how at a cocktail party you are able to solely focus and attend to one conversation when multiple are occurring.
Condition 1: two different messages played at the same time (same speaker) into both ears
Condition 2: two different messages played at the same time (same speaker) into separate ears
Task:
C1- pp's instructed to shadow/repeat back one of the messages
C2- pp's instructed to only shadow/repeat back one of the messages from the chosen ear - 5What were the results of cherry's cocktail problem?C1- pp's found it difficult to solely focus on one and when they repeated back a mixture of the two messages was given
C2- pp's found it easier to repeat back one of the messages when there was spatial separation - 6What are the conclusions from cherry's cocktail problem?Cherry's experiment concluded that listenting to multiple messages in both ears is difficult and can't be separated from one another.
Whereas, having a physical cue of separation (messages into different ears) makes it possible to attend to one message and ignore the other completely - 7What is dichotic listening?Dichotic listening is where two messages are played at the same time but into seperate ears.
- 8What is shadowing?Shadowing is where you repeat back one of the messages you heard.
- 9What is Broadbents 'early selection' filter theory?The early selection filter theory suggests that the meaning of stimuli is only further processed if it's been attended to and if it hasn't been attended to it will get filtered out.
The selection of filtering occurs before the stimuli is processed - 10Describe Broadbents filter theory modelThe model consists of 4 components; the senses -> sensory register -> selective filter -> limited capacity channel
senses received is either iconic/echoic
The sensory register processes information in parallel (messages can be distinguished if they differ in pitch, intensity, and location)
The selective filter- everything that's paid attention to passes through! everything ignored is filtered out
The limited capacity channel - serial processes that information further where its meaning can be analysed - 11What is serial processing?Serial processing: Where information is processed one at a time, not all at once.
- 12What is the attentional process?The attentional process refers to the idea that relevant information is further processed and analysed for meaning whereas the irrelevant information is filtered out and does not get analysed
- 13Describe the own-name effect by Moray. What were the results??
- 14Describe Treismans experiment and what it suggests??
- 15Explain the attenuation theory.?
- 16Describe what deutsch and deutsch new model proposal??
- 17Briefly explain the three theories on why irrelevant information may be analysed + who discusses them.?
- 18Discuss Conway's own name effect task, his findings and conclusion?
- 19What are attentional problems??
- 20Using Treisman's experiment, explain channel switching.?
- 21Briefly explain Dawson's electric shock conditioning?
- 22Discuss Latcher's experimental design.?
- 23Discuss the priming effect. What does it conclude??
- 24Discuss Koulder's experiment.?
- 25What were the two main assumptions made in Lavie's theory??
- 26Describe Lavie's task paradigm.?
- 27What did Lavie predict in his theory??
- 28What were the results/conclusions of Lavie's experiment??
- 29Explain the difference between high/low perceptual load and its effects.?
- 30What are the differences and similarities between Lavie and Latcher's theories??
- 31What are 2 cases in which Inattentional blindness is shownGorilla Movie (Simon & Chabris)
Unicycling clown (Hyman) - 32Explain inattentional blindness.Inattentional blindness is where failure to perceive an unexpected stimulus in plain sight. Usually occurs because there is a lack of attention
- 33Explain inattentional blindness through the Gorilla movie.The gorilla movie is a case in which inattentional blindness can be demonstrated.
pp's were asked to focus on either the white/black team and count how many ball passes were made.
42% of individuals were able to identify the gorilla - when counting the white team
83% of individuals were able to identify the gorilla - when counting the black team
This is here suggests that there was a lack of attention to the environment. And since the ball was the main focus attention to unusual stimulus was not made. - 34Explain inattentional blindness through the Hyman's unicycling clown.Unexpected stimuli = unicylcing clown
Two groups of pp's (one listened to music, other on a phone call - as they both passed the square) were asked two questions.
Did they see anything unusual?
Did they see a clown?
Results showed that pp's listening to music: 32% saw something unusual, 61% saw the clown.
pp's on a phone call: 8% saw something unusual, 25% saw the clown - 35Why was it that the individuals on the phone call didn't see the clown compared to the ones listening to music. (Hyman experiment)The reason why there was a difference in the results was because 'a call' may require more attetional resources thus, attention was not dedicated to observe and attend to the surrounding environment (meaning the clown was less spotted)
- 36What are 3 cases in which change blindness can be demonstrated?The Gorilla movie (change of curtains) (Simon & Chabris)
The door study (Simon & Lewis)
The empty frame between 2 pics (Rensink) - 37Briefly explain "door study - temporary occlusion"In this study, pp was asked for directions by another individual. Mid conversation a door passes by occluding the individual. The individual is replaced by another person and continues the conversation with the pp.
results show 50% of people were unaware individuals had even changed - 38Briefly explain "the empty frame between 2 pictures"PP's were presented with two images in which there was a empty frame presented in between the two when they changed. (they did not know of this)
PP's were unable to spot the difference of change at first between the two images, but once pointed out they could see and were unable to unnotice it again (made apparent) - 39Explain change blindness.Change blindness is the idea that a stimulus undergoes a change but it can't be noticed by the observer.
It is difficult to detect these changes but they do become apparent once pointed out.
*there are limits to what goes unnoticed e.g., having familiarity to a stimulus - more likely to be detected - 40What are the commonalities between both types of blindnessBoth the blindnesses at first are unnoticed but become apparent once pointed out and they are both due to a lack of attention
- 41What are the differences between both types of blindnessInattentional blindness - memory doesn't play a role
Change blindness- memory plays a role - 42What are the 4 lobes of the brain?Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe - 43What does anterior/ rostral refer to?This refers to the front of the brain
- 44What does the posterior/ caudal refer to?This refers to the back of the brain
- 45What does Superior/ Dorsal refer to?This refers to the top of the brain
- 46What does inferior/ ventral refer to?This refers to the bottom of the brain
- 47Explain what a large-scale attentional network is.This is the brain's network involved in the control of attention and working memory.
-Its large scale due to it extended to different lobes
-Its a network as the areas are tightly interconnected by white matter and activate together
-Its attentional as the activity is influenced by attention - 48There are two types of attention networks, which are?Dorsal attention network and Ventral attention network
- 49Where are the IPS and FEF located? and which network are they a part of?IPS = parietal lobe
FEF = frontal lobe
The dorsal attentional network - 50Where are the TPJ and VFC located? and which network are they a part of?TPJ- temporal/parietal lobe
VFC- frontal lobe
The ventral attentional network - 51Describe the dorsal attention network.-Activated by top-down control
-Goal-driven orienting
-Left & right hemisphere - 52Describe the Ventral attention network.-Activated by bottom-up control
-Stimulus driven (re-orienting -e.g., attention)
-Right hemisphere - 53How does spatial neglect occur?Spatial neglect is caused by impairment and damage to the ventral attention network showing signs of damage to TPJ and VFC cortical areas
- 54What is special hemineglect?known as spatial neglect
- 55Describe spatial neglect.Spatial neglect is a deficit that individuals have where the left space of their vision is non-existent but they are usually unaware that the space doesn't exist for them.
- it can reduce over time but the deficit still remains in their attention - 56Why is spatial neglect considered an attentional deficit and not perceptual?- Patients are unaware of the deficit
- Neglect affects the imagination as well as the perception
-Neglect can be multi-modal (visual and auditory impaired)
- Space extinction cant be explained by a perceptual deficit - 57If mainly the left side of space is non-existent, which hemisphere was most likely to have had the lesion/damage?The right hemisphere (controls the left side of body)
- 58Why do neuropsychologists undergo a standardised assessment.They undergo this assessment as spatial neglect tends to be often misdiagnosed or unnoticed which means the appropriate treatment can't be provided.
Having this assessment allows a proper diagnosis for the patient. - 59What is covert attention?Covert attention is where your brain can attend to an object without requiring eye movement towards the object
- 60What does feature-based attention effectThe entire visual field
Information
- Description
- Highers Cognitive Psychology - Attention Flashcards on Attention, created by Eduarda Queiroz on 12/01/2023.
- Created by
- Eduarda Queiroz
- Views
- 8
- Rating