3881748
Description
Flashcards by Delicia Moodley, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Delicia Moodley
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Hypernatraemia | Symptoms: Hypertension Dyspnoea Convulsions Oedema |
| Hyponatraemia | Symptoms: Hypotension Tachycardia Lethargy Muscle Weakness |
| Hypokalaemia | Symptoms: Muscle weakness Abnormal ECG Paralytic ileus |
| Hyperkalaemia | Symptoms: Weakness Cardiac arrhythmia/arrest Parasthesia |
| Respiratory acidosis | Causes: Hypoventilation Airway obstruction Sedative overdose Faintness Coma |
| Respiratory alkalosis | Causes: Hyperventilation Anxiety/ Fever Heart failure Faintness Headache |
| Metabolic acidosis | Causes: Renal failure Diarrhoea Diabetes High protein intake Lactic acid production |
| Metabolic alkalosis | Causes: Vomiting of H+ IV infusion of HCO3 K+ deficiency Intake of alkaline substances |
| Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis | Causes: Lactic acidosis Keto-acidosis Renal failure Poisoning: ethanol |
| Acute Renal Failure | Rapid loss of renal function Retain: urea, creatinine, H+ ions, metabolic waste Oliguria |
| Acute Kidney Injury | Causes: Pre-renal: Hypovolaemia, Decreased cardiac output Intra-renal: Tubular necrosis, glomerulonephritis, tubular obstruction, intrarenal vasoconstriction Post-renal: urethral obstruction |
| Chronic Renal Failure | Causes: Structural damage to kidney Glomerulonephritis Hypertension Diabetes Mellitus Renovascular disease |
| Nephrotic Syndrome | Symptoms: Proteinuria, hypoproteinaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, oedema Causes: Glomerulonephritis, cancer, drugs, infection, SLE |
| Renal Tubular Acidosis | Symptoms: High urine pH, Normal/slightly decreased glomerular function, Normal AG metabolic acidosis Types: 1: [DCT] H+ not excreted 2: [PCT] defective HCO3- reabsorption |
| Renal Calculi | Causes: Dehydration Alkaline urine Hypercalcuria Hyperoxaluria |
| Hyperbilirubinaemia | Causes: Prehepatic- Haemolysis Hepatic- Acute viral or toxic hepatitis Post-hepatic- Gallstones, cholecystitis, tumours |
| Addison's disease | Causes: Glucocorticoid treatment, autoimmune adrenalitis, TB, adrenal haemorrhage Symptoms: Tiredness, weakness, N & V, weight loss, hypotension, loss of body hair |
| Cushing's syndrome | Causes: Corticosteroid or ACTH treatment, pituitary hypersecretion of ACTH [Cushing's disease], Adrenal adenoma/carcinoma Symptoms: Upper body obesity (thin arms/legs), buffalo hump, hypertension. hyperglycaemia |
| Conn's Syndrome | Causes: Adrenal adenoma/carcinoma, hypertrophy Symptoms: hypertension, muscle weakness, tetany, paraesthesia, polydipsia. polyuria |
| Hyperthyroidism [Thyrotoxicosis] | Clinical signs: Increased appetite, diarrhoea, increased adrenergic activity (tachycardia), heat intolerance, exophthalmos, goitre Biochem. signs: High T4 & T3, low TSH, increased metabolism, hypocholesterolaemia Causes: Grave's disease, goitre, thyroiditis, Iodine drugs, tumours |
| Grave's disease | Genetic, autoimmune disease. Antibodies bind to TSH receptors and mimic effects of TSH. Results in Goitre & exophthalmos |
| Hypothyroidism [myxoedema] | Clinical signs: Lethargy, tiredness, facial puffiness, cold intolerance, weight gain, bradycardia, slow reflexes Biochem. signs: Low T4 & T3, high TSH, hypercholesterolaemia Causes: Hashimoto's, Iodine deficiency, cretinism (kids) |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | Autoimmune disease where antithyroid antibodies destroy thyroid |
| Hypercalcaemia | Caused by: Common: Malignancy, Primary hyperparathyroidism Less common: Thyrotoxicosis, sarcoidosis, Tertiary HPT Symptoms: Bones, stones, abdominal groans, psychic moans |
| Hypocalcaemia | Caused by: Low PTH- HypoPT, Hypomagnesaemia Vitamin D deficiency, acute pancreatitis. EDTA contamination [sample] Symptoms: Numbness, tetany [facial muscle twitch], convulsions |
| Hyperphosphataemia | Inhibits a-1 hydroxylation of vit. D Causes: Renal impairment, hypocalcaemia, hypo PT, acromegaly |
| Hypophosphataemia | Caused by: Resp alkalosis, N & V, malabsorption, RTA, primary HPT, |
| Hypermagnesemia | Uncommon Caused by: RF Bronchospasm [asthma] |
| Hypomagnesaemia | Caused by: Malnutrition, alcoholism, diuretics, cirrhosis Symptoms: Tetany, ataxia, muscle weakness, Agitation |
| Ricketts [children] & Osteomalacia [adults] | Caused by: Calcium deficiency due to problems with vit. D [reduced absorption/production or insensisitivity] |
| Osteoporosis | Reduction in bone mineral density [bone = fracture prone] caused by increased osteoclast activity Primary: Decreased oestrogen Secondary: DM, thyrotoxicosis, alcoholism |
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