Flashcards
BIO 108 Theme 4 cont.
Cards in this deck (148)
- 1GNATHOSTOME SHARED DERIVED TRAITS (6)***1. OPPOSING JAWS
2. MINERALIZATION OF SKELETON
3. 2 PAIRS OF LATERAL APPENDAGES (fins + legs)
4. GENOME DUPLICATION (hox)
5. ENLARGED FOREBRAIN
6. LATERAL LINE SYSTEM (detects vibration in water) - 2Origin of jaws + mineralizationsimultaneous evolved
- evolutionary advantage
- mineralization started in mouth
- replace cartilage with bone - 3CONODONTSEarliest Vertebrate with mineralized skeletal elements in mouth + pharynx
- 42 TYPES OF BONE1. ENDOSKELETON: derived from PREFORMED CARTILAGE
- cartilage + OSSIFICATION =BONE
2. DERMAL SKELETON: not associated with cartilage
- from INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION - 5the 2 extinct armoured vertebrate fish- Placoderms
- Acanthodians - 63 LINEAGES OF EXTANT GNATHOSTOMES**1. CHONDRICHTHYANS
2. RAY-FINNED FISH
3. LOBE-FINS - 71. CHONDRICHTHYANSSHARKS + the like
CARTILAGINOUS FISHES
- bony teeth + bony, placoid scales - 8Primary breathing mechanism of sharks?RAM VENTILATION
BUCCAL PUMPING (open + close mouth to ventilate gills) - 9why do sharks have to keep swimingbody is denser than water
- 10Features of sharksCloaca
Acute sense:
- nostril for smell
- detect ELECTRICAL FIELDS
- LATERAL LINE SYSTEM (vibrations)
- sexual Reprod - 113 ways of EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT ****a) OVIPAROUS
b) OVOVIVIPAROUS
c) VIVIPAROUS - 121. OVIPAROUS***LAYING EGG outside body
- 132. OVOVIVIPAROUS***Embryo DEVELOP IN UTERUS
- NOURISHED BY EGG YOLK - 143. VIVIPAROUS***embryo DEVELOPMENT IN UTERUS
- NOURISHED BY PLACENTA (direct nutrition from mom) - 15TOPIC 28CLADE OSTEICHTHYANS
- 16OSTEICHTHYANSBONY FISH + TETRAPODS
OSSIFIED ENDOSKELETON - 17OSTEICHTHYAN SHARED DERIVED TRAITS (3) ****1. LUNGS/ LUNG DERIVATIVES
2. OPERCULUM
3. MANEUVERABLE FINS - 181. LUNG / LUNG DERIVATIVESSWIM BLADDER IN MOST BONY FISH (evolved from lungs)
swim bladder + tetrapod lungs are homologous - 192. OPERCULUMPLATE (dermal bone) OVER GILLS (protect)
Mouth + operculum = Buccal pump VALVES
- can breathe without swimming - 203. MANEUVERABLE FINSPectoral + pelvic Girdle (NOT FUSED) support paired, rayed, fins
- 21CHARACTERISTICS OF EXTANT bONY FISH (4)- fully OSSIFIED BONES
- LATERAL LINE SYSTEM (vibration)
- SCALES
- EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION - 22What are the TWO GROUPS OF BONY FISH?1. RAY FINNED (ACTINOPTERYGII)
2. LOBE-FINNED (SARCOPTERYGII) - 231. CLASS ACTINOPTERYGII (RAY finned fish) characteristics****- FIns supported by BONY RAYS
- almost all familiar osteichthyans (commercial fish) - 242. CLADE LOBE FIN (sarcopterygii)- fleshy + muscular fins SUPPORTED BY BONY ELEMENTS
- SHARED DERIVED TRAIT OF CLADE LOBE FIN - 253 LINEAGES OF LOBE FINS?a) COELACANTHS
b) LUNGFISHES
c) TETRAPODS - 26a) COELACANTHSSUB-CLASS ACTINISTIA
- diverse fossil records
- used fins TO "WALK"
- had BOTH lungs + gills - 27b) LUNGFISHSUBCLASS DIPNOI
- TWO MODES OF GAS EXCHANGE (lungs+gills)
- have PAIRED LUNGS HOMOLOGOUS With TETRAPODS - 28TOPIC 29TETRAPODS
- 29Which lineage is Tetrapod from?LOBE-FINS
- 30Tetrapods are?Vertebrates with 2 pairs of limbs with feet + digits
- 31What evolved into the feet + limbs of tetrapods? ***Fins of LOBE FINS
- 323 parts of TETRAPOD LIMBS?1. Upper single bone (humerus)
2. Paired parallel bones (forearm)
3. Terminal foot/hand with jointed digits - 33Why did vertebrates transition to land? (3)1. Previous colonization of other organism = LOTS OF FOOD
2. ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES
- pangea = more shallow water habitats
3. ECOLOGICAL PRESSURES
- lots of competition +predation in aquatic system - 34CHALLENGES OF TERRESTRIAL LIFE? (7)1. Gravity
2. Water conservation + desiccation
3. Reproduction WITHOUT water (external fertilization doesn't work)
4. Gas exchange (gill desiccate)
5. Locomotion
6. Sensory perception different in air
7. Temperature regulation - 35TRANSITIONAL TETRAPODS*had LIMBS, BOTH LUNGS AND GILLS
-REMAIN PRIMARILY AQUATIC
- joints not suited for land
- ribs to short to protect from compression
- fins dragged - 36What were the 4 PRE EXISTING CRITICAL ADAPTATIONS FOR TRANSITION TO LAND???*****Modified to better suite life on land
1. VERTEBRAL COLUMN (developed in clade vertebrata)
2. SKELETAL MINERALIZATION + 2 PAIRED APPENDAGES (in clade gnathostomes)
3. SIMPLE LUNG (in clade osteichthyes)
4. BONY + MUSCULAR fins (in clade lobe-fin) - 37What was the ONE NEW ADAPTATION FOR LIFE ON LAND? ****5. INTERNAL NOSTRILS USED FOR BREATHING + not just smell
- open into roof of mouth
- allows for breathing without opening mouth - 38TIKTAALIK *****TRANSITIONAL
- Primarily AQUATIC
FISH TRAITS: SCALES, Lobe-FINS without digits + FIN RAYS, Both GILLS AND lungs
TETRAPOD: INDEPENDENT MOVEMENT OF HEAD, RIBS, LIMB skeleton, FLATTENED SKULL, EYES ON TOP OF HEAD - 39What connects TIKTAALIK WITH TETRAPOD- LACK SKULL TO PECTORAL FUSION (DISTINCT NECK)
- JOINTS + BONES
- SHAPE +SIZE OF PELVIS = RANGE OF FIN MOVEMENTS (swimming + weight support)
- however pelvis not fused thus can't fully support weight - 40ACANTHOSTEGA**later than tiktaalik
- NUMEROUS BONY DIGITS
- weak ATTACHMENT of PELVIS
- Internal gills + lungs but RIBS TOO SHORT
PRIMARILY AQUATIC - 41EVOLUTION OF TETRAPOD***********
- 42SHARED DERIVED TRAITS OF TETRAPODS ***1. 4 LIMBS with DIGITS
2. DISTINCT MOVABLE NECK
3. PELVIC GIRDLE FUSED TO BACKBONE
4. NO GILLS
5. EARS (airborne sound) - 432 Groups of EXTANT TETRAPODS**1. AMPHIBIA (dependent on water)
2. AMNIOTA - 44TOPIC 30AMPHIBIANS
- 453 clades of EXTANT AMPHIBIANS1. FROGS
2. SALAMANDERS
3. CAECILIANS - 46AMPHIBIAN SKIN CHARACTERISTICS- Thin water + gas permeable skin
- SUSCEPTIBLE TO DESICCATION + SALT
- Mucous glands (maintain moisture)
- skin = SUPPLEMENTARY RESPIRATION - 47Are AMPHIBIANS ECTOTHERMIC OR ENDOTHERMIC?ECTOTHERMIC
- rely on EXTERNAL HEAT - 48ECTOTHERM*****- rely on external heat
- LOW METABOLIC RATES => reduced food + energy requirements
USE BEHAVIOURAL THERMOREGULATIONS (seek out a good temp) - 49how do amphibians breath?BUCCAL PUMP
CHEEK BREATHING - 50Where do Amphibians REPRODUCE?IN WATER
- OVIPAROUS (spawn in water)
- EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
- lack protective shell + extraembryonic membranes - 51OTHER CHARACTERISTICS- EXTERNAL EARDRUM
- GILLS ONLY IN AQUATIC LARVAL STAGE
- 3 CHAMBERED HEART - 52Are amphibians fully adapted to life on land?NO
- EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION depends on WATER
- larvae depend on water - 53SALAMANDERS= amphibians WITH TAIL IN ADULTHOOD
- BOTH LARVAE + ADULTS HAVE TAILS
WALK rather than jump (side to side movement) - 54FROGSADULT WITHOUT TAIL
JUMPING hind legs
communicate via sound (well developed ears) - 55TOADSLEATHERY FROGS
- 56CAECILIANSLEGLESS amphibians
BURROWERS
- INTERNAL FERTILIZATION - 57TOPIC 31CLADE AMNIOTES
- 58AMNIOTES?Group of TETRAPODS
REPTILES (Incl.BIRDS) + MAMMALS - 59What is the KEY UNIFYING ADAPTATION OF AMNIOTES for terrestrial life?***AMNIOTIC EGG
- 60AMNIOTE SHARED DERIVED TRAITS*****1. AMNIOTIC EGG
2. INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
3. DIRECT DEVELOPMENT - 611. AMNIOTIC EGG******KEY SHARED DERIVED TRAIT
- Adaptation for laying egg on LAND INSTEAD of water
ALLOWS FOR SEXUAL REPROD TO BE INDEPENDENT OF WATER - 624 EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES ******a) ALLANTOIS: WASTE + GAS EXCHANGE
b) CHORION: GAS EXCHANGE + PROTECT DESICCATION
c) AMNION: PROTECT FROM DESICCATION + SHOCK
d) YOLK SAC: NUTRIENTS
ALBUMEN: Egg white Nutrients (protect from desiccation)
SHELL: protects against desiccation - 632. INTERNAL FERTILIZATION ****COPULATION Via INTROMITTENT ORGANS
- direct delivery of sperm - 64INTROMITTENT ORGAN**PENIS
- needed for internal fertilization
ALSO A DEFINING FEATURE - 65AMNIOTE ADAPTATIONS FOR TERRESTRIAL LIFE ***** (2)- THICK LAYERED IMPERMEABLE SKIN
- unlike amphibians
- SKELETAL MUSCLE POWERED LUNG VENTILATION
- unlike amphibian buccal pump - 66How are Amniotes CLASSIFIED?Based on # of TEMPORAL FENESTRAE in skull
- 67TEMPORAL FENESTRAEOPENING IN the post eye region of SKULL
- 68the 3 Different types of TEMPORAL FENESTRAE**ANAPSID: no opening (turtle)
SYNAPSID: 1 opening (Mammals)
DIAPSID: 2 openings (REPTILES) - 69TWO CLADES OF AMNIOTES**TOPIC 321. DIAPSIDS = REPTILES (turtles, crocs+birds (archosaurs), lizards + snakes (Lepidosaurs)
2. SYNAPSIDS = MAMMALS - 70TOPIC 32CLADE REPTILES
- 71REPTILESDIAPSIDS
INCL.: tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocs, birds (AVES avian reptiles), dinos - 72Characteristics of NON-AVIAN REPTILESSkin protection + shedding
- thick dry keratinous waterproof scales
Lay eggs in LEATHERY SHELLS
(reprod adaptations)
OVIPAROUS
ECTOTHERMIC***
3 CHAMBERED HEART (like amphibians) - 732 PRIMARY LINEAGES OF DIAPSIDS1. LEPIDOSAURS: lizards, snakes, tuataras
2. ARCHOSAURS: Crocs, Pterosaurs, birds + dinos - 74PterosaursFIRST tetrapods to evolve POWERED FLIGHT
- 75From which dinosaurs did birds evolve?THEROPODS
- 763 major groups of EXTANT NON AVIAN REPTILES **- TURTLES
- CROCODILES
- TUATARAS, LIZARDS, SNAKES - 77TURTLESANAPSIDS, but DESCENDED FROM DIAPSID ANCESTORS
- Toothless beaks**
- SINGLE INTROMITTENT ORGAN (no hemipenis) - 78LEPIDOSAURSTEETH FUSED TO JAW**
- scales
HEMIPENIS (DISTINGUISHING FEATURE)*** - 792 EXTANT LINEAGES OF LEPIDOSAURS***1. TUATARAS
2. SQUAMATES - 801. TUATARASLACK INTROMITTENT ORGAN
- lepidosaur - 812. SQUAMATESLIZARDS(external ears) + SNAKES (no external ears)
- LOOSELY JOINTED JAWS + SKULL***
- HEMIOENIS*** - 82ARCHOSAURSSOCKETED TEETH** (not fused to jaw)
a) CROCS + b) BIRDS - 83a) CROCODILESSINGLE INTROMITTENT ORGAN (no hemipenis)
- MATERNAL care - 84b) BIRDS (CLASS AVES)EVOLVED FROM THEROPODS
- 85CHARACTERISTICS OF BIRDS** (4) - similar with theropods (their ancestor)- hollow thin walled bones
- egg laying + brooding
- feathers
- scales on feet - 86Are birds + crocs SISTER TAXA?YES
birds underwent rapid adaptive radiation following flight - 87SHARED DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS OF BIRDS ****** (7)Facilitate Flight
1. WINGS + KERATIN FEATHERS
2. LIGHTWEIGHT, hollow BONES
3. BEAKS, LACK TEETH
4. MODIFIED DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
5. ORGAN REDUCTION
6. ENDOTHERMY
7. HIGH METABOLIC RATE - 881. WINGS + KERATIN FEATHERSFeathers = keratinous scales HOMOLOGOUS TO REPTILE SCALES
wings = Modified tetrapod FORELIMBS
bipedal - 894. MODIFIED DIGESTIVE SYSTEMADAPTED FOR FLIGHT
- CROP: temporary store food
- GIZZARD: grinds food, compensate for lack of teeth - 905. ORGAN REDUCTIONsmall gonads, absence of bladder (CLOACA) => reduction of weight for flight
- 916. ENDOTHERMY******METABOLIC ENERGY MAINTAINS BODY TEMP
- FACILITATES ENERGY DEMANDS FOR FLIGHT - 927. HIGH METABOLIC RATEsupported by:
- FOUR chambered heart (like humans)
- COMPLEX RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (bone breathing) - 93CHARACTERISTICS OF EXTANT birds**- must come to land to breed + lay eggs
- WINGS for flight
(flightlessness evolved independently)
- FEATHER (DEFINING FEATURE)
requires preening + moulting plumage - 94REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES OF BIRDS***INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
- DO NOT HAVE INTROMITTENT ORGAN (PRESS CLOACAS)
OVIPAROUS (calcareous shell)
- Parental care - 952 types of bird development**1. PRECOCIAL: ABLE TO feed themselves shortly after hatching
2. ALTRICIAL: BORN HELPLESS + FEATHERLESS (extensive parental care) - 96TOPIC 33MAMMALS
- 972 Major clades of AMNIOTES- DIAPSIDS (reptiles)
- SYNAPSIDS (MAMMALS) - 98WHAT ARE MAMMALS???**Four legged
- Terrestrial
AMNIOTES
BODY HAIR
MILK - 99MAMMAL SHARED DERIVED TRAITS ***** (7)1. MAMMARY GLANDS + MILK
2. HAIR
3.THREE MIDDLE EAR BONES (ossicles)
4. ENDOTHERMIC
5. DENTARY-SQUAMOSAL JAW JOINT
6. DIFFERENTIATED TEETH
7. LARGER BRAINS - 1003. THREE MIDDLE EAR BONESOssicles formed from RELOCATION OF LEFT OVER JAW
- can detect hiher frequency sounds that reptiles - 1014. ENDOTHERMIC***REGULATE their OWN TEMP
Endothermy + 4 chambered heart = HIGH METABOLIC RATE - 102IS ENDOTHERMY IN BIRDS AND MAMMALS HOMOLOGOUS OR ANALOGOUS????****ANALOGOUS
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
- EVOLVED INDEPENDENTLY - 1035. DENATRY_SQUAMOSAL JAW JOINTDENATRY (lower jaw) + SQUAMOSAL (small cranial bone) MEET TO FORM JAW JOINT
- INTERMEDIATE BONES (articular + quadrate) REDUCED AND RELOCATED TO EAR - 1046. DIFFERENTIATED TEETH- more complex than reptiles
- accommodate wide range of diets
OCCLUDE MORE CLOSELY than reptiles - 105OCCLUDE?*u
- 106HOW MANY SETS OF TEETH DO MAMMALS HAVE? REPTILES?MAMMALS: TWO
REPTILES: infinite - 1073 OTHER MAMMALIAN CHARACTERISTICS1. VERTICAL PLACEMENT OF LIMBS BENEATH BODY
- lateral placement in most reptiles (salamanders)
2. DIAPHRAGM
3. INTROMITTENT ORGAN + INTERNAL FERTILIZATION (viviparous) - 108FEATURES OF MAMMAL EVOLUTION?- Progressive ENLARGEMENT of DENTARY BONE
- Development of SECONDARY PALATE (allowed to breath + chew @ same time) - 109AFTER WHICH EXTINCTION DID MAMMALS DIVERSIFY/ UNDERGO ADAPTIVE RADIATION?CRETACEOUS mass extinction
- 1103 MAIN LINEAGES OF MAMMALS *****1. MONOTREMES (single order)
2. MARSUPIALS (single order)
3. EUTHERIANS (clade with MANY orders) - 1111. MONOTREMES (MOST BASAL) ***incl.: ECHIDNAS + PLATYPUS
LAY EGGS + provide MILK
- NO NIPPLES (hair patch)
CLOACA
-lack teeth as adults - 112what are MARSUPIALS + EUTHERIANS called?*THERIA
- 113THERIA (marsupials +eutherians) SHARED DERIVED TRAITS ***** (3)a. VIVIPAROUS
b. PLACENTA
c. NIPPLES - 1142. MARSUPIALS***OPOSSUMS, KANGAROOS, KOALAS
- BRIEF DEVELOPMENT WITHIN PLACENTA + UTERUS
- BORN PARTIALLY DEVELOPED
- CRAWL INTO POUCH (marsupium)
CLOACA - 1153. EUTHERIANSCOMPLEX PLACENTA (SHARED DERIVED TRAIT)*****
- NIPPLES FOR MILK
NO CLOACA - 116ORDER PRIMATE****lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys + apes (humans)
- ARBOREAL - 117PRIMATE SHARED DERIVED TRAITS****1. GRASPING HAND + FEET
2. LARGE BRAIN + SHORT JAWS
3. FORWARD LOOKING EYES
2. COMPLEX SOCIAL BEHAVIOR - 1181. GRASPING HANDS + FEETOPPOSABLE THUMBS + FLAT NAILS
- 119WHAT DOES FORWARD LOOKING EYES PROVIDE?DEPTH PERCEPTION
STEREOSCOPIC VISION (overlapping fields of view) - 120INCREASED VISION RESULTED IN WHAT?SHORTENED SNOUT thus LESS POWERFUL SMELL
- 121What are the 3 MAIN groups Of EXTANT PRIMATES?***1. LEMURS
2. TARSIERS
3. ANTHROPOIDS (monkeys, apes + humans) - 122WHAT were the FIRST ARTHROPODS?**MONKEYS
- 123what are the 2 TYPES OF MONKEYS and WHERE did THEY ORIGINATE from?***OLD world: AFRICA
NEW world: SOUTH AMERICA (more recent) - 124WHAT ARE HOMINOIDS?***NON-MONKEY ANTHROPOIDS
informally known as APES - 125WHAT ARE ANTHROPOIDS? ***monkeys, apes humans
- 126CHARACTERISTICS OF HOMINOIDS***LACK TAILS
LARGE BRAINS
include: Gibbon (lesser apes)
HOMINIDS (great apes)- humans orangutans, gorillas, chimps, bonobos... - 127WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HOMINOIDS + HOMINIDS??*****HOMINOIDS (APES) is a clade that INCLUDES HOMINIDS
HOMINIDS ARE GREAT APES - 128TOPIC 34HUMANS
- 129What is the only extant species of genus HOMO?Humans
- 130HUMANS ARE DESCENDANTS OF WHICH LINEAGE?HOMINIDS (GREAT APES)
- Bipedal + large brains - 131What are the CLOSEST LIVING RELATIVES TO HUMANS?****CHIMPS (pan troglodytes)
+
BONOBOS (pan paniscus)
SHARE COMMON ANCESTOR
DNA TEST - 132HOMININS include?*CHIMPS, BONOBOS, HUMANS + extinct relatives
- 133HOW LONG AGO did HUMANS diverge from their COMMON ANCESTOR WITH CHIMPS?**6-8 MYA
- 134HUMAN SHARED DERIVED TRAITS ****** (4)DID NOT evolve at once
1. UPRIGHT, BIPEDAL MOTION
2. LARGER BRAIN
3. REDUCED JAW BONE + MUSCLES (parallel increase brain size)
4. SHORTER DIGESTIVE TRACT (cooking) - 135WHERE DID HOMININS ORIGINATE?**AFRICA 6-8 mya
- 136EARLIEST HOMININ FOSSIL?*ARDIPITHECUS
- increasing bipedalism
- retained small brain
- arboreal skeletal features - 137TRENDS IN HOMININ EVOLUTION *****(8)1. BIPEDALISM (EARLY)
2. EXPANSION OF BRAIN (LATER)
3. MODIFICATION OF PELVIS
4. REDUCTION OF TEETH, FACE + JAWS
5. INCREASED CHILD DEPENDENCY
6. INCREASED HAIRLESS
7. INCREASED RELIANCE ON MEAT
8. TOOLS - 1381. BIPEDALISM***advantages: enhanced visibility, Energy efficient, better thermoregulation (less exposure to sun)
cons: vulnerable to foot injury, increase strain - 1395 CHANGES IN SKELETAL ANATOMY due to BIPEDALISM******1. REPOSITIONING OF FORAMEN MAGNUM (skull on top on vertebral column)
2. S- SHAPED SPINE (align weight)
3. PELVIS RECONFIG (support upright position)
4. LENGTHEN LEGS + LARGER KNEE JOINT
5. ALTERED FOOT STRUCTURE - 140AUSTRALOPITHS***early hominins
- FULLY BIPEDAL
-SHORT
- SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
- SMALL BRAIN
- LARGE JAW
- TOOL EVIDENCE - 141EARLIEST HOMO genus FOSSILS?***HOMO HABILIS (east africa)
- shorter jaws + larger brain than australopiths - 142WHICH HOMO WAS THE FIRST FULLY BIPEDAL **AND** LARGE BRAINED???HOMO ERGASTER
compared to habilis:
- larger brain
- long legs for LONG DISTANCE
- smaller teeth - 143Which was the FIRST HOMININ SPECIES TO MIGRATE OUT OF AFRICA??***HOMO ERECTUS
- Hunter gatherer
- FIRE
- Larger brain - 144HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS****from AFRICAN population of HOMO ERECTUS
NEANDERTHALS: EUROPEAN heidelbergensis
HOMO SAPIENS: AFRICAN heidelbergensis - 145NEANDERTHALS***EUROPE
- cold adapted
- brain size similar to humans
- COEXISTED WITH HOMOSAPIENS - 146HOMO SAPIEN ORIGIN?AFRICA
HOMO heidelbergensis - 147WHAT CHARACTERIZES HOMO SAPIENS (3)**- LARGE BRAIN
- ADVANCED TOOL USE
- COMPLEX BEHAVIOR - 148ORIGIN + SPEAD OF HUMANSORIGIN: AFRICA (mitochondrial DNA analysis)
SPREAD: OUT OF AFRICA MIGRATION
LITTLE genetic variation between humans
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- Biology Flashcards on BIO 108 Theme 4 cont., created by Ja Ja Jiang on 21/04/2024.
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- Ja Ja Jiang
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