Flashcards
(a) Ch. 5 Terms
Cards in this deck (31)
- 1Socializationthe lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture; matter of nurture rather than nature
- 2Personalitya person's fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting
- 3Sigmund Freudsaw basic human needs eros and thanatos as opposing forces; created the model of human personality consisting of: id, superego, and ego
- 4Jean Piagettheory of cognitive development; believed that human development involves both biological maturation and gaining social experience; he identified the four stages of cognitive development (SPCF)
- 5Lawrence Kohlbergsaid we first judge rightness in preconventional terms according to our individual needs, then there is conventional moral reasoning and postconventional moral reasoning
- 6Carol Gilliganfound that gender plays an important role in moral development; males rely more on abstract standards of rightness (justice perspective), females rely more on effects of actions on relationships (responsibility perspective); girls are socialized to be controlled and eager to please
- 7George Herbert Meadtheory of the social self; the self develops only from social interaction and by taking the role of the "other" we become self aware; I (subjective element) is in constant interplay with Me (objective element)
- 8Erik Erikson8 stages of development/challenges through the life course; identified challenges that individuals face at each stage of life from infancy to old age
- 9Looking-Glass SelfCharles Horton Cooley's term for a self-image based on how we think others see us
- 10Primary Agent of Socialization - Family- most important agent
- important in gender socialization and bonding/encouragement
- household environment encourages development
- establishes child's social status (class, ethnicity) - 11Secondary Agent of Socialization - School- where child experiences diversity (racial/gender clustering)
- more gender socialization
- first experience of bureaucracy (rules/schedule) - 12Secondary Agent of Socialization - Peer Group- social group whose members have interests, social position and age in common
- sense of self beyond family
- often govern short-term goals while parents influence long-term plans - 13Secondary Agent of Socialization - Mass Media- impersonal communications aimed at a wide audience
- Canadian children watch tv well before they learn to read
- number of hours of viewing tends to increase with age
- researchers found tv renders children less likely to use their imagination - 14Kübler-Ross' Stages of Dying1. denial
2. anger
3. negotiation
4. resignation
5. acceptance - 15Cohortcategory of people with a common characteristic, usually their age
- 16Total Institutiona setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff; according to Erving Goffman staff supervise all daily life activities, environment is standardized, and there are formal rules and daily schedules
- 17Resocializationradically changing someone's personality by carefully controlling the environment; two-part process where staff erode inmate's personality and rebuild personality using rewards and punishments
- 18IdFreud's term for the human being's innate, pleasure-seeking drives (in constant state of conflict with superego)
- 19EgoFreud's term for cultural values and norms internalized by an individual (tries to maintain balance between id and superego)
- 20SuperegoFreud's term for the demands of society in terms of cultural values and norms internalized by an individual (in constant conflict with id)
- 21Sensorimotor StagePiaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals experience the world only through their senses
- 22Pre-Operational StagePiaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals first use language and other symbols
- 23Concrete Operational StagePiaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals first see causal connections in their surroundings
- 24Formal Observational StagePiaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically
- 25SelfMead's term for the part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image; develops from social interactions
- 26Generalized OtherMead's term for widespread cultural norms and values we use as references in evaluating ourselves
- 27Anticipatory Socializationlearning that helps a person achieve a desired position
- 28Behaviourismholds that behaviour is not instinctive but learns
- 29Preconventional Stage of Moral Developmentyoung children experience the world as pain or pleasure
- 30Conventional Stage of Moral Developmentteens lose selfishness as they learn to define right and wrong in terms of what pleases parents and conforms to cultural norms
- 31Postconventional Stage of Moral Developmentfinal stage, where individual considers abstract ethical principles