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Chapter 1: The Cell Flashcards

Walten Michael O Biology 101 English 55 cards

Cards in this deck (55)

  1. 1What is the function of the nuclear membrane or envelope?The nuclear membrane is a double membrane that maintains a nuclear environment separate from the cytoplasm.
  2. 2What is the function of the nuclear pore?Nuclear pores allow selective two-way exchange of materials between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
  3. 3What are genes?Genes are the coding region of DNA.
  4. 4What is linear DNA wound around?Linear DNA is wound around histones and further wound around chromosomes.
  5. 5What is synthesized in the nucleolus?ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized in the nucleolus.
  6. 6What are the two layers of the mitochondria?The two layers of the mitochondria are the inner membrane and outer membrane.
  7. 7What does the outer membrane of the mitochondria separate?The outer membrane of the mitochondria separates the inside of the mitochondria from the cytosol.
  8. 8What are the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called?The folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane are called cristae.
  9. 9What is found inside of the inner mitochondrial membrane?Molecules and enzymes necessary for the electron transport chain are found in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
  10. 10What is the name of the space inside the inner mitochondrial membrane?The name of the space inside the inner mitochondrial membrane is called the matrix.
  11. 11What is the name of the space between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria?The space between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria is called the intermembrane space.
  12. 12How do mitochondria replicate?Mitochondria replicate through binary fission.
  13. 13What is apoptosis?apoptosis is programmed cell death
  14. 14How are products released from the cell?Products are released from the cell through exocytosis.
  15. 15What does actin interact with to generate movement?Actin interacts with myosin to generate movement.
  16. 16What forms the cleavage furrow in mitosis?microfilaments form the cleavage furrow in mitosis
  17. 17What is cilia?Cilia are projections that help materials move along the surface of a cell.
  18. 18What are flagella?Flagella are structures that help the cell actually move.
  19. 19What is the 9 + 2 structure?9 pairs of microtubules form an outer ring with 2 pairs of microtubules in the center; only found in eukaryotes
  20. 20What are centrioles?Centrioles found in centrosomes organize microtubules; they go to opposite poles during mitosis.
  21. 21What are kinetochores?the attachment site on chromosomes for centrioles.
  22. 22What do epithelial cells attach to?epithelial cells attach to a basement membrane
  23. 23What does it mean that epithelial cells are polarized?this means that one part faces outside while the other faces towards blood vessels and structural cells.
  24. 24What forms the extracellular matrix?the extracellular matrix is formed by materials secreted by connective tissue
  25. 25What is the nucleoid region?The nucleoid region contains the circular DNA in prokaryotes.
  26. 26Why are Archaea considered extremophiles?Archaea are extremophiles because they live in harsh environments with high temperatures, high salinity, or no light.
  27. 27How are Archaea similar to eukaryotes?Archaea are similar to eukaryotes because have histones, start translation with methionine and have similar RNA polymerases.
  28. 28How are Archaea similar to bacteria?Archaea are similar to bacteria because contain a single, circular chromosome, divide by binary fission.
  29. 29What are symbiotes?In a symbiotic relationship, both human and bacteria benefit
  30. 30What are pathogens?pathogens don't benefit the host, but cause disease
  31. 31What does the cell wall provide for prokaryotes?the cell wall provides an outer barrier
  32. 32What layer is under the cell wall?under the cell wall is the cell membrane
  33. 33What two layers form the envelope?The cell wall and cell membrane form the envelope.
  34. 34What is chemotaxis?chemotaxis is the ability to move toward or away from chemical stimuli
  35. 35What are plasmids?plasmids carry DNA that is not necessary for survival, but can carry advantages like antibiotic resistance
  36. 36What are virulence factors?virulence factors make a bacteria more pathogenic.
  37. 37What are episomes?episomes are a subset of plasmids that can integrate into bacterial genome.
  38. 38Which process of genetic recombination are many gram-negative rods able to perform?Many gram-negative rods are able to carry out transformation.
  39. 39What is the function of the conjugation bridge in conjugation?The conjugation bridge allows for the transfer of genetic material between two cells.
  40. 40How is genetic material transferred through conjugation?Genetic material is transferred from donor male (+) to recipient female (-) through a sex pili.
  41. 41What plasmid should the donor male have?The donor male should have sex factors like F (fertility) factor
  42. 42Which process of genetic recombination allows rapid spread of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance?Conjugation
  43. 43What is Hfr or high frequency of recombination?A sex factor is integrated into a host genome.
  44. 44What does transduction require?Transduction requires a vector - a virus that transfers genetic material from one bacteria to another
  45. 45What are transposons?Transposons can insert and remove themselves from a genome; they can disrupt genes
  46. 46Why do viruses need a host cell?viruses don't have their own ribosomes so they can replicate genetic information
  47. 47What are virions?Virions are the viral progeny after replication; they can infect other cells
  48. 48What are the two parts of a virus that help it infect bacteria?Tail sheath: injects
    tail fiber: help virus recognize and connect to a cell
  49. 49What are the characteristics of retroviruses?retroviruses are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses
  50. 50Why can't viruses infect all cells?Viruses have to recognize specific cell receptors to infect a cell
  51. 51Where does viral DNA go?Viral DNA goes to the nucleus to be transcribed by mRNA
  52. 52Where does viral RNA go?Viral RNA stays in the cytoplasm
  53. 53What parts of the host cell translate the viral RNA into proteins?ribosomes, tRNA, amino acids, enzymes
  54. 54Why is lysis a disadvantage to viruses?lysis is a disadvantage because the viruses can no longer use the host cell
  55. 55—

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101 Biology (Chapter 1: The Cell) Flashcards on Chapter 1: The Cell Flashcards, created by Walten Michael O on 06/04/2016.
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