Flashcards
General Medicine through time
Cards in this deck (46)
- 1What are the four branches of medicine?-Physiology (what the body does) and anatomy (features of the body)
-Causes and cures
-Surgery
-Public health - 2Prehistoric Medicine What is Trephaning?Trephaning is the drilling of holes into the skull to release evil spirits and relieve headaches. Many of the skulls discovered have bone growth around the hole made by the operation. This shows how the person lived on, possibly for many years. Other times, skulls were found without bone growth showing how after the operation, the person died. No child skulls have been found with trephaning.
- 3Ancient Egypt Describe the process of embalming-Firstly, the body was taken into the tent known as the place of purification and the body was washed with water from the Nile.
-Then, organs (liver, lungs, stomach, intestines) were removed from the left side of the body and washed and packed in natron to dry them out. The heart is not taken out of the body because it is the centre of intelligence and feeling.
-When the organs were removed, they were placed in canopic jars.
-A long hook was used to smash the brain and pull it out of the nose. The body would them be covered and stuffed with natron which will dry it out.
- After 40 days the body is washed again with water from the Nile then covered with oil to help the skin stay elastic.
-The body is stuffed with dry materials such as sawdust, leaves and linen so that it looks lifelike.
-Finally the body is covered again with good smelling oils. - 4Ancient Egypt What anatomy did the Egyptians know about?Brain, Heart, Lungs, Liver, intestines, stomach and pulse
-During the embalming process, they did now get to learn the functions of the organs as they had to be removed quickly. - 5Ancient Egypt What discovery helped the progression in medicine?Papyrus- Useful because prescriptions can be given to patients and records could be kept of procedures. Also, these notes allowed future generations to keep learning more about medicine as they did not have to start from scratch, they could refer back to the notes made from previous doctors.
- 6Ancient Egypt What is the Nile theory?The Nile theory gave Egyptians inspiration as to what caused illness and disease. The theory looked at what happened to the Nile when it got blocked or flooded. It caused the crops to not grow meaning irrigation ditches or channels had to be built. The Egyptians believed that the body was made up of channels that became blocked when you were ill. To make them sound, you would need to unblock them by either vomiting by taking laxatives or making the patient bleed.
- 7Ancient Egypt Explain embalmersThe embalmers would have known a lot about the body however, they were though to be 'unclean' and were out of society. Therefore, they couldn't pass on their knowledge
- 8Ancient Egypt Explain public health of ancient EgyptRich people often had toilets but now sewage system so they were emptied by hand. Most Egyptians would wash everyday because of religion. They used ointments and oils for soaps.
- 9Ancient Greece What is the theory of the four humours?The four humours were blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile. of the humours were unbalanced then the person would be ill. The Greeks thought that if you were ill in spring you had too much blood in your body. If you were ill in winter you had too much phlegm in you body. If you were ill in summer, you had too much yellow bile and if you were ill in Autumn, you had too much black bile in your body. To become healthy again, you would need to remove the component that there is too much of e.g. if you had too much blood, you would have to go through a blood letting procedure.
- 10Ancient Greece Explain what took place at the Asclepion temple?Most ancient Greeks believed that Gods caused things to happen. Asclepious was the god of healing and many Greeks would go to the Asclepion temple rather than see a doctor. Here they believed that Asclepious would visit them in the night with his daughters Hyeia and Panacea, and cure them. Greek temples were often in very healthy places; they had baths and arenas for exercise and people slept in the abaton, an open- air building. Perhaps this was why many people recovered or was it just positive thinking?
- 11Ancient Greece Why was the change in 300 BC so important?In 300 BC many Greeks believed that the body was not important after death and that only the spirit lives on. This was an important realisation because it meant that doctors were free to dissect humans and study their working but only as a place called Alexandria.
- 12Ancient Greece What was Alexandria?Alexandria was in Egypt which was conquered by the Greeks in 335 BC by Alexander the Great. Alexandria became the capital of Egypt and a great library, museum and university was built there.
- 13Ancient Rome Explain the changes in the Roman public health systemAqueducts- Brought in fresh water to cities and towns every day from hills or mountains.
Sewers/ Drains- Lead water pipes were used to take water form settling tanks where water entered the town to different towns and areas e.g. public baths
Fountains- Installed in cities and towns for people to drink and collect water from. They did this because they thought that if they drunk swamp water, they would become ill
Latrines- Public toilets; toilet seats were like stone benches with holes in, around the edges of the room underneath was a channel where water was constantly flowing to wash away the waste.
Public Baths- Washing the body was done by scraping sweat and dirt off the skin using strigil. Bathing was rarely mixed and around 500 people per day used the public paths. - 14Middle Ages Describe the affects of the Black Death-The first sign of the black death was swelling appearing in the groin or armpits. These would spread all over the body
-The victim began to develop a rash in the early stage
-There was pain all over the body and the patient began to feel lethargic. The pain made it difficult to sleep
-The temperature of the body increased
-Brain and nerves were affected
-Speech was also affected and the victims became less and less intelligible.
-The physical appearance of a drunk person was developed; stumbling movement and gait
-Buboes were developed and the lymphatic glands became swollen
-When red spots occurred... this mean death would soon approach the victim. - 15Middle Ages What was the real cause of the plague?The plague was caused by a flea bite. The flea was living on the black rat, inside the flea was a bacteria called Yersinia Pestis. When this attacked the flea's bloodstream it cannot digest which gives it no choice but to throw up its blood back up into the open would which it had got it from. When the rat died, the flea went to search for a new victim...HUMANS!
- 16Middle Ages What were some natural ideas for what caused the plague?-Caused by dirty rubbish
-Caused by bad smells
-Caused by the Jews; some said they brought corruption of the air and planned to wipe out Christians with poison.
-Unhealthy eating
-Caused by the four humours - 17Middle Ages What were some supernatural ideas as to what caused the Black Death?-Caused by being bad
-Caused by moving planets
-Caused by God
-Caused by looking at someone - 18Middle Ages What did people do to try and stop themselves from catching the Black Death?-They cleaned their toilets
-Burnt dead bodies
-Drained stagment water
-Removed rubbish
-Carried round a pomander so that you smell it whenever you were around bad smells
-Follow Hippocrates' way of treating the four humours
-Kill and burn the Jews
-Pray
-Eat healthy
-Punish yourself to get rid of evil (Flagellants) - 19Middle Ages Describe the progression in hospitals in this time period-The Christian church began to set up hospitals run by nuns and monks in the 1100s as they thought it was part of their religious duty to care for the sick
- 20Middle Ages Describe some medical remedies/ procedures used in these times-Trephaning
-Surgery on the battle field- arrow removers would pinch the tip and pull it from the body. the would was them cauterized with a red hot iron
-Blood Letting- when blood was released from the body in some way, it was believed that this was an indication to show that there was too much blood in the body (unbalenced four humours)
-Urine was used as an antiseptic
-Eye surgery-A thick needle was used to perform cataract surgery. This involved pushing the cornea to the back of the eye
-Hot iron for Hemorrhoids- it was said that it you didn't pray to St Fiacre you got hemorrhoids. A red hot iron would be put up your anus to try and cure it
-Poison anesthetic ( Dwale)
-Deadly Surgery- Going under the knife without anesthetic was common - 21Middle Ages Describe public health in the Middle Ages-Bath houses (however they were mainly owned by the rich people) River flowing below would take away the waste
-Busy overcrowded towns with animals freely walking and depositing waste
-Filthy streets
-Sewers were clogged with rubbish
-Many of the public health facilities that the Romans had invented were now gone however, running water was mainly just for the rich
-There was no Government provision for any of the facilities
-Toilet provisions were in cesspits
-The people tried to pass a law to stop people from throwing their rubbish into the streams - 22The Renaissance What new invention in this time period made the study of the body much more accurate?-Microscope
-3D perspective art - 23The Renaissance What new invention meant that others could gain a better understanding f medicine and how was this done?The printing press was invented and allowed books to be printed. This meant that the more reading and writing people did, the better their knowledge of medicine.
- 24Renaissance What inventions in the Renaissance era improved medicine?-Weighing scales: Help to keep a record of how people gained/ lost weight and how it affected their health
-Telescope: This would enable them to see how the planets and astronomy effected health ...
-Flushing toilet: improvement on public health
-Water Thermometer: Peoples temperatures can be recorded and it can be observed how it affects health
-Method of blood transfusion - 25End of Renaissance Explain how people used to believe that King Charles II could heal them?-From the time of Edward the Confessor (1066) the monarch has performed the ceremony of the King's touch.
-The patients believed the power of the King's touch will cure them from the King's evil.
-The patients would be given a gold coin with an angel on it as a token from the King
-A priest would be at the ceremony to say prayers after the healing
-SUPERNATURAL IDEA - 26End of Renaissance Describe what happened to Kind Charles II-On the 2nd of February 1685 King Charles II is taken ill at 8 o'clock in the morning
-He is ill for 2 hours before gives a terrible shriek and collapses
-Twelve of the King's Physicians are called to the palace immediately. They decide to open a vein to let out some of the blood in his body
-1 Hour later he wasn't improving so the physicians bled him again
-They next had his head shaved and placed burning tongs on his scalp to release evil spirits
-The king's condition improved so that he could speak again but then he had another attack
-They bled the king again and gave him a potion to empty his bowels
-He had another attack in the afternoon so doctors did a bleed, purge and prescribed him medicine
-They king's health worsened...he died on 6/2/1685 - 27End of Renaissance What were some new ideas about how the plague of 1665 started compared to ideas of how the plague of 1347?-The plague was spread by infection
-They wouldn't take money from a butchers hand in case they caught the plague
-Put the money in vinegar
-It may have been caused by invisible creatures or insects. - 28End of Renaissance How did doctors dress during the plague of 1665?-Leather had to cover the doctors head to protect from infection
-Mash with a beak stuffed with perfume or spices to avoid smelling the bad air
-Leather gloves to protect the doctor from touching the patient and catching the plague
-Stick to knock on the door and say 'bring out your dead'
-Leather coat to again protect the doctor's body from infection - 29End of Renaissance What were some good rules put into place during the plague of 1665?-Nursed attending plague houses must be quarantined for 28 days after the death of a plague victim
-Bedding of the deceased should be aired by the fire and be perfumed before being used again
-No animals are to be kept in the city
-All disorderly ale houses and coffee shops are to be closed down
-All street performers are to be banned form the city
-No food that is rotten is to be sold or kept on the streets
--The burial of the dead must happen either after sunset of before sunrise and graves must be six ft deep - 30End of Renaissance What were some bad rules put into place during the plague of 1665?-Each infected house had one or two watchmen to make sure no one enters or leaves the house
-Women must check that people with borded up houses have died form the plague
-Each household is responsible for sweeping the front of their houses. The rubbish would them be collected daily - 3118th century What were some contradictions to Edward Jenner's invention of the vaccination?-Herbal remedies were better
-Risk of doctors messing up
-You can turn into a cow
-People had died
-Dislike being told what to do
-It is too new
-Vaccination cannot be explained
-Poor people cannot afford it
-Doctors did not want to lose money - 3219th century What was the Government act; Poor law amendment Act 1834Medical officers were appointed to work houses which provided basic medical care for the poor
- 3319th century What happened to the public health act of 1848?It was abolished ten years later!
- 3419th century What was the Government act: Nuisance removal act 1855?Made overcrowding in houses illegal
- 3519th century What was the Factory act of 1864?It made unhealthy conditions in working factories illegal
- 3619th century What was the sanitary act of 1866?Made local authorities responsible for sewers, water and street cleaning
- 3719th century What was the Slum housing act of 1868?Encouraged the improvement of slum housing of its demolition
- 3819th century What was the Vaccination Act of 1871Reinforced the previous vaccination act of 1853 to make sure that it was compulsory to be vaccinated
- 3919th century What was the Artisans Dwelling act of 1875?House owners were responsible for keeping their own properties in good order and gave local aurthorities the right to demolish slums in there was no improvement.
- 4019th Century What was the Public Health act 1875?Brought together a range of acts covering sewerage, drains, water supply, housing and disease. Medical officers in charge of health. Main aim was to combat filthy urban conditions
- 4119th century Describe operating theatres in this time period-Operating theatres were rarely swept and only the sandbox underneath the table would be used to collect spilt blood
-Surgeons wore old coats to protect their suits. These were never washed and may have dried blood and pus from several years ago still left on them.
-Instruments used on the patients were rarely washed
-NO ANESTHETIC
-Patients were strapped down onto the operating table
-Amputations were done in under a minute
-Many students would come to watch operations being performed. - 42From the 19th century onwards... How did war throughout this time improve medicine?1895-x rays first discovered
1896-Hospitals installed the first xray machines
1901-Landsteiner discovered blood groups
1914-Mobile xray units were used during WW1
1914-Albert Hustin added glucose and sodium citrate to blood so that it can be stored for longer
1940-British surgeon Archie McIaren surgically rebuilt the faces of airmen burned in their planes during WW2
1950-Canadian surgeon, William Bigelow performed the first open heart surgery to repair a hole in the baby's heart
1952-First kidney transplant
1961-First pacemaker fitted
1962-Surgeons at a hospital in America re-attached the arm of a twelve year old boy
1967-Christian Barnard performed first heart transplant
1972-British surgeon Sir John Chamley developed hip replacements
1984-Harvard university gave 2 burn victims skin grafts
1986- Davina Thompson first triple transplant patient
2006- First face transplant Isabelle Dinoire - 4320th century How did WW1 help medicine?-Far fewer died of their injuries which was down to the well organised medical management
-More widespread use of treatments and vaccinations for deadly diseases like Typhoid
-In France vehicles were commandeered to become mobile xray units
-New antiseptics were developed
-Medical machines moved closer to the frontline
-Thomas Splint invented the splint
-Log Books
-Female roles
-Soldiers were more disciplined about hygene
-Hospitals trained to evacuate casualties
-Blood transfusion and storage
-New development in orthopaedics, neurosurgery, phychaitry - 4420th century How did WW1 hinder medicine?-Spanish flu pandemic
-Post traumatic stress disorder
-Fertilized farm land caused infection
-Less surgeons back in England
-Weaponry of opposition was more effective than expected
-Difficult to perform treatments in those conditions
-Too many injured - 4520th century What is included in the NHS?-Maternity and child welfare
-Nursing after care
-Health centres
-Dentists
-Vaccinations
-Medicines
-Ambulances
-Blood transfusion
-Family Doctors (GPs)
-Specialist
-Hospitals
-Medical research
-Teaching hospitals - 4620th century Why did people oppose the NHS?-Local authorities and voluntary organisations used to run the hospitals before the NHS did
-the cost
-The British Medical Association represented doctors who didn't want to work for the government and told where to work
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- GCSE GCSE History Flashcards on General Medicine through time, created by Roberta Power on 28/05/2016.
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