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Chapter 11 Cardiovascular System

Airen Smith English 86 cards

Chapter 11 Cardiovascular System

Cards in this deck (86)

  1. 1The heart is locatedin the middle mediastinum between 2nd rib & 5th intercostal space
  2. 2the heart is about the size ofa closed fist
  3. 3where does the apex of the heart pointit points down and to the left
  4. 4what amount of the heart is on the left?two thirds
  5. 5tell me about the base of the heart in comparison to the apexit is larger and less pointy, has several large vessels attached to it.
  6. 6what is the heart enclosed by?the heart and proximal portions of the vessels are enclosed by a loose fitting double layered sac called the pericardium.
  7. 7what is another term for the pericardium?the pericardial sac
  8. 8what are the two types of pericardium?a fibrous pericardium and a parietal pericardium
  9. 9another term for outer epicardium?visceral pericardium
  10. 10what is the out epicardium? (aka the visceral pericardium)a serous membrane of connective tissue covered by simple squamous epithelium. it firmly attaches to the underlying muscle.
  11. 11what do blood vessels in the outer epicardium do?they nourish the heart
  12. 12how much of the heart wall does the middle myocardium take up?the bulk of it.
  13. 13what is the middle myocardium made up of?cardiac muscle tissue
  14. 14what does contraction of the myocardium provide?the force necessary for the ejection of blood from the heart and the movement of blood through the vessels.
  15. 15what width is the middle myocardium?the thickest layer
  16. 16is the middle myocardium muscular?yes, it's the most muscular layer.
  17. 17what properties do the cells in the middle myocardium possess?they contain electrical properties to conduct impulses from one muscle cell to another. that enables the heart to contract.
  18. 18what is the inner endocardium?the smooth inner lining of the heart wall
  19. 19what is the inner endocardium comprised of?simple squamous epithelium
  20. 20what does the smooth surface of the inner endocardium allow?it allows blood to easily flow throughout the heart.
  21. 21what does the inner endocardium form?it forms the heart valves and is continuous with the lining of the blood vessels
  22. 22what is the right atrium and what does it do?thin walled chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from 3 different places.
  23. 23where are the 3 places the right atrium receives blood from?the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus
  24. 24the superior vena cava returns blood to the heart from where?the head, neck, and upper extremeties.
  25. 25what is the coronary sinus?it's a small venous structure located in the posterior region of the heart that returns blood to the right atrium from the myocardium.
  26. 26where does the right ventricle receive blood from?the right atrium
  27. 27when the right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium, what happens next?blood is pumped out to the lungs to receive oxygen.
  28. 28what is the left atrium?thin walled chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary vein
  29. 29how many pulmonary veins are there and where are they located?4. two are located on the left side of the heart and 2 are located in the right.
  30. 30what does the left ventricle do?it has the thickest myocardium and receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it out systematically
  31. 31which side of the heart is oxygenated and which is deoxygenated?the right side is deoxygenated and the left is oxygenated. the only exception to this are the pulmonary veins which are all oxygenated.
  32. 32where is the atrioventricular valve (av valve) located?between the atria and the ventricles.
  33. 33what is the purpose of the atrioventricular valves (av valves)?they prevent blood from flowing back into the atria when the ventricles contract.
  34. 34what is the atrioventricular valve (av valve) of the right side of the heart called?tricuspid
  35. 35what is the atrioventricular valve (av valve) of the left side of the heart called?the bicuspid or mitral valve
  36. 36where are semilunar (sl valves) located?at the exits from ventricles
  37. 37what is the purpose of semilunar (sl) valves?they prevent blood from flowing back into ventricles when they relax. **they prevent the blood flow from a large vessel back into ventricles.
  38. 38where is the pulmonary (sl) valve located?at the exit of the right ventricle
  39. 39where is the aortic (sl) valve located?at the exit of the left ventricle
  40. 40what do the right and left coronary arteries branch off of?the ascending aorta that supply blood to the myocardium
  41. 41deoxygenated blood from the capillaries in the myocardium enters where?the coronary sinus
  42. 42from the coronary sinus where does deoxygenated blood go?it enters the right atrium
  43. 43what is digoxin derived from and what is it used for?derived from the foxglove plant, today we use it to treat CHF (congestive heart failure). it increases strength and regularity of contractions to strengthen cardiac output. it also slows impulse conduction speed and lowers heart rate to allow more time for ventricular filling.
  44. 44nitroglycerina vasodilator, it dilates the coronary artery and provides more efficient blood flow through the coronary arteries
  45. 45quinidinea group I antidysrythmic drug, results in decreasing of conduction velocity broadening of QRS complex indicates slower conduction. the SA node is able to reestablish normal cardiac rythms.
  46. 46what does the conduction system consist of?specialized cardiac muscle cells that act in a manner similar to neural tissue. the conduction system coordinates the contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers.
  47. 47has the fastest rate of depolarization (contraction). it is aka the **pacemaker** in the conduction system because it establishes the basic rhythm of the heart beat.the sinoatrial (SA) node
  48. 48where is the SA (sinoatrial) node located and what is its function?located at the right atrial posterior wall. without any neural/nervous stimulation it rhythmically initiates impulses 70-80 times per min. impulses from the SA node travel rapidly throughout the atrial myocardium which causes them both to contract simultaneously.
  49. 49where is the location and function of the atrioventricular (av) nodelocated in the floor of the right atrium, it conducts impulses more slowly allowing a brief time delay as the impulse travels through the node, this allows time for the atria to finish contraction before the ventricle contracts.
  50. 50AV bundle (bundle of His)right and left bundle branches, they extend along the right and left side of the interventricular septum
  51. 51what happens if the SA node is unable to function?another area, such as the AV node, becomes the pacemaker. this results in a heart rate that is slower than normal.
  52. 52what is an electrocardiogram? (ECG)record of electrical activity of the heart.
  53. 53what does a normal electrocardiogram (aka ECG, aka ECG) consist of?waves or deflections that correlate with the depolarization and repolarization events of the cardiac cycle.
  54. 54what is a P wave?a small upward deflection produced by depolarization of the atrial myocardium just before contraction
  55. 55what is the QRS complex?a large upward deflection produced by depolarization of the ventricle myocardium immediately preceding contraction of the ventricles.
  56. 56what is the T wave?it is due to the repolarization of the ventricles that occurs just before the ventricles relax.
  57. 57draw a picture of the PQRST waves that occur during an electrocardiogramdraw a picture of the PQRST waves that occur during an electrocardiogram
  58. 58arrhythmia/dysrhythmiavariation in normal contraction pattern
  59. 59what is a cardiac cycle?the alternating contraction and relaxation of the myocardium in the walls of the heart chambers coordinated by the conduction system during 1 heart beat
  60. 60systolecontraction phase of the cardiac cycle
  61. 61diastolerelaxation phase of the cardiac cycle
  62. 62at a normal heart rate, I complete cardiac cycle lasts how long?0.8 seconds
  63. 63how long does systole (the contraction phase of the heart) last?lasts for 0.1 seconds
  64. 64how long does ventricular systole last?0.3 seconds
  65. 65how long are all the chamber's relaxing for at the same time?0.4 seconds
  66. 66when does most ventricular filling occur?while all the chambers are relaxed together.
  67. 67what is systolic pressure?the top number when you take a BP. refers to the amount of pressure in your arteries during contraction of heart muscle
  68. 68what is the diastolic number?the bottom number when taking a BP. the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats.
  69. 69what is pulse pressure and around what number is it, usually?the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure. you just subtract. it's usually around 40
  70. 70what is the "lubb-dupp" noise caused by?it is due to vibrations or turbulence in the blood caused by the valves closing
  71. 71"lubb" isthe closure of the AV (atrioventricular valves), the first sound
  72. 72"Dubb" isclosure of the semilunar valves (SL valves), the 2nd sound.
  73. 73cardiac output=stroke volume (sv) X heart rate
  74. 74what is cardiac output?the volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 min
  75. 75what does cardiac output measure?the effectiveness of the hearts ability to pump blood
  76. 76SV (stroke volume)=the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle each time a ventricle contracts (not every minute, every time it contracts)
  77. 77SV (stroke volume) is influenced byend diastolic volume and contraction strength.
  78. 78what is end-diastolic volume?amount of blood remaining in the ventricles at the end of diastole.
  79. 79what directly influences cardiac output?heart rate
  80. 80what is the cardiac center?the medulla oblongata
  81. 81what nervous systems does the medulla oblongata use to influence heart rate?the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)
  82. 82what does the autonomic N.S. do in coordination with the medulla oblongata?adjust the heart rate to meet the changing needs of the body.
  83. 83what is the sympathetic nervous system?fight or flight. heart rate increases, increases force of contraction, increases cardiac output & stroke volume, increases BP.
  84. 84what is the parasympathetic nervous system and what does it effect?rest/repose, negative feedback. lowers heart rate, lowers force of contraction, lowers BP, lowers cardiac output nd stroke volume
  85. 85what is starlings law of the heart?the more cardiac muscle fibers are stretched, the greater will be the contraction strength of the heart.
  86. 86what happens when increased volume fills the ventricles?the cardiac muscle fibers stretch to accommodate the increased volume in response to the stretching. the fibers contract with great force which increases the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle (stroke volume)

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Flashcards on Chapter 11 Cardiovascular System, created by Airen Smith on 30/07/2016.
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Airen Smith
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