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Flashcards

All Crime and Deviance

Jade Potter-Goddard Sociology GCSE English 97 cards

Cards in this deck (97)

  1. 1Define CrimeActions that break the written laws of society.
  2. 2Define DevianceActions that break the unwritten social norms of society.
  3. 3Define LawsFormal rules made by the government.
  4. 4Define Social Construction of CrimeThe way that what is seen as criminal and deviant varies depending on the time and place.
  5. 5Define Social OrderHow society is kept under control.
  6. 6Define Informal Social ControlThe first way of making people behave before more official agencies take over.
  7. 7Define Judiciary.All the legal organizations that enforce the law.
  8. 8Define historical deviance.Something that is deviant only at a certain time in history.
  9. 9Give an example of historical deviance?Gay marriage.
  10. 10Define cross cultural.Something that's only deviant in certain cultures.
  11. 11Give an example of cross cultural deviance.Polygamy.
  12. 12Define situational deviance.Something that's only deviant in certain situations/places.
  13. 13Define occupational deviance.Something that's deviant for many, but not for some because of their job.
  14. 14Give an example of occupational deviance.Carrying a gun.
  15. 15Define what a relative concept is.Something that is the same through out all cultures and time.
  16. 16Name the 5 agents of socialisation which are informal social control.- Family
    - Media
    - Peer Group
    - Education
    - Workplace
  17. 17Describe a close-knit community.Informal social control in stronger because you have lots of connections and people care what each other think.
  18. 18Give an example of a non close knit community.When you're on holiday.
  19. 19Define Corporate Crime.Crimes committed by big companies to benefit the company.
  20. 20Give 6 examples of the types of Corporate Crime there are.- Fraud & Insider Trading
    - Negligence
    - Health & Safety Lapses
    - Environmental Crimes
    - Price Fixing
    - False Advertisement
  21. 21What Corporate Crime did Chevron do?They dumped 18 billions gallons of toxic water into the Amazon Rainforest. Caused significant health implications.
  22. 22What would Marxists say about Corporate Crime?That it's a way to for the elite to gain benefit & sometimes exploit the lower classes.
  23. 23What happened with the Thalidomide drug?It caused significant birth defects because the company didn't fully research the drug put of financial greed.
  24. 24Describe the Bhopal Disaster?Gas explosion which causes severe health problems like cancer and blindness. It was cause by no health and safety risk assessments, non powering safety equipment to save money & unfixed hazards.
  25. 25Who are the victims of Corporate Crime?The public and sometimes the employees of the company.
  26. 26Define White Collar CrimeCrime middle & upper class people commit often related to their job.
  27. 27Give 4 examples of white collar crime.- Fraud
    - Bribery
    - Insider Trading
    - Emezzlement
  28. 28What would Marxists say about insider trading?That it's the lower classes helping the upper classes because they look up to them and aspire to be like them.
  29. 29Why is White Collar Crime so hard to detect? (5)- They're respected members of society.
    - No obvious victim therefore no one to report it.
    - Media focus on blue collar crime.
    - Upper class have more money to bribe people.
    - They oppress lower classes and make them scared.
  30. 30Describe Blue Collar Crime.Crimes by members of the working class to benefit them personally, usually causing damage to person or property.
  31. 31Give 3 examples of Blue Collar Crime.- Drug abuse.
    - Prostitution.
    - Illegal Gambling.
  32. 32Define Youth Crime.Crime committed by young people.
  33. 33Give 3 examples of what youth crime is associated with.- Vandalism
    - Fighting
    - Theft
  34. 34Name 1 Youth Crime Case Study.Robert White - Youngest ever person to receive an ASBO at 12 years old after machete attack.
  35. 35Define Street Crime.Crimes that are obvious/visible to the public.
  36. 36Give 3 examples of a street crime.- Mugging
    - Knife Crime
    - Anti Social Behaviour
  37. 37What is the New Right's opinion of Street Crime?Say they're a problem and that tougher punishments are needed.
  38. 38What's Marxist's opinion on Street Crime?Formal social control focus on it too much. They spend more time and money on it.
  39. 39What's the job of the police?Investigate and collect evidence.
  40. 40What does the Crown Prosecution Service Do?Decide whether there's enough evidence to prosecute.
  41. 41What are Magistrates Court for?Minor crimes.
  42. 42What are Crown Courts for?Major crimes.
  43. 43What would Marxists say about the Judiciary? (3)- Oppresses us to follow elite.
    - Elite's way of ruling over us.
    - Lower classes punished unfairly by the elite.
  44. 44What would Functionalists say about the Judiciary?- Good way to keep social control.
    - Helps regain the parts of social cohesion.
    - Punishes those who don't conform.
  45. 45What 3 key ways does the media help keep social control?- Moral Panics.
    - Folk Devils.
    - Deviancy Amplifications.
  46. 46Define Moral Panics.When the media exaggerate an issue and make the public worry about it.
  47. 47What is the main study related to Moral Panics?Cohen - Studied the way the media reacted to the Eater Violence in Clacton in 1964. Newspapers exaggerated it and made everyone call on harsher punishment for those involved.
  48. 48Define Folk Devils.The groups that the media make people afraid of.
  49. 49Describe Folk Devils and give an example.Media shows groups of people to be modern terrors of society. Similar to stereotyping. For example; The Mods and Rockers.
  50. 50Define Deviancy AmplificationWhen the media makes a problem worse by the way they record it.
  51. 51Explain this using an example.When the Mods and Rockers happened, the media predicted future events which advertised it which escalated it.
  52. 52What do New Right and Functionalists blame crime on? (2)Cultural Deprivation - Lacking the norms and values expected.
    Material Deprivation - Lacking the basic physical necessities.
  53. 53What do Marxists blame crime on?Failures in education and the feeling of having low status.
  54. 54Describe the Dark Figure of Crime. (3)Unnoticed - The large majority of like speeding and dropping litter which don't get noticed.
    Reported - These are a proportion of crimes that aren't recorded,
    Recorded - The crimes that actually go towards the Official Crime Statistics.
  55. 55Why aren't some crimes reported? (3)- Some crimes don't have a victim.
    - Victims may be scared of telling the police.
    - Some crimes may be embarrassing (sexual crimes).
  56. 56Problem with the way crime is reported.The police are under increasing pressure to hit targets and so they won't record all crimes to make it seem like their succeeding.
  57. 57What are the positives of a victimisation survey? (4)- All details are confidential.
    - It includes unreported crimes unlike police records.
    - Used for crime prevention programmes.
    - Permission is always mandatory.
  58. 58What are the weaknesses of a victimisation survey? (3)- May not be honest, making it invalid.
    - Sample may not be representative.
    - It excludes crimes that are victimless.
  59. 59Define Self Report StudyWhen people are asked to write down all the crimes they've ever committed.
  60. 60What are the positives of Self Report Studies? (2)- Anonymous which increases honesty.
    - Reliable because everyone is asked the same question.
  61. 61What are the negatives of Self Report Studies? (4)- 'Over Report' to seem cool.
    - 'Under Report' out of fear.
    - Doesn't address Dark Figure of Crime.
    - Memory may be poor.
  62. 62Name and define the 3 kinds of subculture found in different areas?- Criminal Subculture: Highly organized gangs.
    - Conflict Subculture: No organised crime so they join gangs to fight each other.
    - Retreatist Subculture: Do neither and give up to turn to drugs or alcohol.
  63. 63How does class link to crime?According to OCS it's working class people that commit more crimes. Self Report Studies would show that all classes commit crime.
  64. 64What is the reasoning for this?Linked to cultural and material depravation and possibly because middle class crimes are less likely to be caught or reported.
  65. 65What would Marxists say about this?They'd say police aren't fair. Law are made in favour of upper classes. Discriminates against working class.
  66. 66How is gender linked to crime?Statistics shows that men commit more crimes than women excluding certain thing like prostitution and shoplifting.
  67. 67How can socialisation be linked to this?Due to norms of masculinity, men have been socialised to be more aggressive and tough whereas women have been socialised to be more gentle with stricter controls.
  68. 68Why do some people think this is changing?Jackson - Ladette Study
    Suggest that women are behaving more like men now taking on masculinity traits meaning they're more likely to go on and commit crime than feminine women. Could explain why convicted women murderers have risen by 81% since 1998.
  69. 69How is ethnicity linked to crime?Ethnic minorities are over represented in the prison population which makes people think they're more likely to be criminals.
  70. 70Facts about ethnicity and crime? (2)- Black men are 26 times more likely to be stopped than white men.
    - Ethnic minorities receive a longer sentence for nearly every crime.
  71. 71Example of the Racism in Police.Stephen Lawrence Case 1990s. The Macpherson Report proves that they were institutionally racist.
  72. 72How does stereotyping relate to this?Labelling from the police and courts and the moral panic over immigration etc. have made them even more victimised in the eyes of Marxists.
  73. 73What is the Biological explanation for crime?Chemical imbalances in the body impact human behaviour.
  74. 74Psychological explanation for crime?The genes impact personality which impacts behaviour.
  75. 75Sociological explanations of crime?A product of circumstances. People more likely to commit crime because of experiences and socialisation.
  76. 76What Functionalist Perspective talks about a lack of value consensus making it impossible for everyone to have the same norms and values making crime inevitable? SUBCULTUREDurkheim
  77. 77What young boy was murdered by two other young boys who were both given extremely short punishments? YOUTH CRIMEJamie Bulger
  78. 78Who investigated the subculture of Acid House which became a moral panic in the 1980s?Sarah Thornton
  79. 79What percentage of teens have been involved in a fight within the last year?44%
  80. 80Who came up with the term White Collar Crime and shares the opinion that most crimes aren't committed by working class and that corporate crime goes unreported?Edwin Sutherland
  81. 81What Marxist agreed Corporate Crimes were ignored by police?Frank Pearce
  82. 82Who proved the New Right wrong by investigating how street crime and youth violence is no different than in the Victorian times?Geoffrey Pearson
  83. 83Who investigated the word 'Chav' and it's links to folk devil, the idea of feral underclass and how it encourages prejudice?Owen Jones
  84. 84Who argued crime was nature?Lombroso
  85. 85Who argues crime was nurture. Introverts and Extroverts?Eyesneck
  86. 86What man raped and killed two young girls and one women and didn't show any regret or emotion because of how his brain functioned?Brian Dugan
  87. 87Who studied working class subcultures and found that men's urge to be desirable can cause crime?Miller
  88. 88Who studied the 'Strain Theory' and found that people's desire to be wealthy caused people to turn to crime?Merton
  89. 89Who studied that crime and deviance among the working class can be seen as rebellion against capitalism?Hebdige
  90. 90Who invented the term 'Status Frustration' which is when people feel like they're not successful and create their own norms and values?Cohen
  91. 91Who created the 3 kinds of subcultures people joined when faced with the right opportunities and areas?Cloward and Ohlin
  92. 92Which Marxist argued the government created a moral panic about crime to justify their tough approach after worrying they were losing control?Hall
  93. 93Who suggested that it only looks like ethnic minorities commit more crime because of racism?Gilroy
  94. 94What New Right Member argues crime is a response to the governments generous welfare?Charles Murray
  95. 95Who argues women are less likely to commit crime because of the strictness of their socialisation?Heidensohn
  96. 96Describe the Chivalry Factor.Women are treated more gentle from the very beginning of socialisation, males are often in authority, this also happens with crime, they're treated less harsh.
  97. 97Describe Demonization of Women. Give an example.When they go against their stereotypical norms of being kind and gentle people argue that women get treated particularly harshly and are made to seem like. Myra Hindley is an example.

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  • Created by maya velasquez · Oct 15, 2015
  • Copied by Andrea Leyden · Oct 15, 2015
  • Copied by Jade Potter-Goddard · Oct 15, 2015
  • Copied by Jade Potter-Goddard · Sep 23, 2016
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