Flashcards
Study of Evolution and Genetics
Cards in this deck (21)
- 1Evidence for Human Evolution: ArdiphithecusBrain Size - 300 ccs
- 2Evidence for Human Evolution: AustralopithecusBrain Size - 310-530 ccs
- 3Evidence for Human Evolution: HomohabilisBrain Size - 580-752 ccs
- 4Evidence for Human Evolution: HomoerectusBrain Size - 775-1225 ccs
- 5Evidence for Human Evolution: NeandertalBrain Size - 1200-1450 ccs
- 6Evidence for Human Evolution: Modern HumanBrain Size - 1350 ccs
- 7Principles of Evolution through natural selection - Premise 1PRINCIPLE OF VARIATION:
Individual members of a particular species show variation in their phenotype. - 8Principles of Evolution through natural selection - Premise 2PRINCIPLE OF INHERITANCE:
Part of this variation is heritable and some will be passed from one generation to the next. - 9Principles of Evolution through natural selection - Premise 3PRINCIPLE OF ADAPTION:
Individual members of a species compete for resources and sometimes variation makes them more successful - 10Evolution and Human BehaviourSome Behavioural characteristics are closely associated with specific biological features
We can infer that some psychological characteristics have been inherited/evolved - 11Single Gene Disorders- In some cases, disease cannot happen without mutation (e.g. Huntington's)
- In other cases, the disease will happen every time the mutation is present - 12Multiple genes disordersMultiple Genes in combination of lifestyle/environment
- E.g. heart disease, diabetes
Often cluster in families but no clear-cut inheritance
DIFFICULTIES IN DETERMINING GENE CONTRIBUTION
1) More than one gene usually contributes
2) Genetic factors can interact
3) Multiple environmental factors to consider
4) Genetic factors can influence which environmental factors contribute and vice verse..
5) Some genetic and environmental characteristics occur together - gene-environment correlation
6) Genes do not have continuous effects - 13Gene-environment CorrelationVariations in genotype systematically associated with variations in environment..
1# Passive Correlation
2# Active Correlation
3# Evocative Correlation - 14..1# Passive CorrelationChild is passive recipient of environment which fits genotype
E.G
- Intelligent parents have a child with genetic potential for intelligence
- Likely to be an environment which provides intellectual stimulation
- Environment meshes with genotype - 15..2# Active CorrelationGenetic tendency becomes correlated with particular environments
E.G
- Child with genetic tendency to socialbility
-.. Seeks out situations that give opportunities to socialise - 16..3# Evocative CorrelationChild's genetic disposition evokes responses from people in environment
E.G
- Child with easy temperament
- Child with difficult temperament
- Others (parents/peers/teachers) respond differently - 17The Multiplier EffectGenes or Prenatal influences -->
Increase of some tendency <--/--> Environment that facilitates
Bohman (1996) % petty criminality - 18What is meant by Heritability?The proportion of phenotypic variance attributable to genetic variance. The extent to which differences in a trait can be attributed to our genetic makeup.
Heritability is not:
- How genes influence trait
- A percentage
Heritability is:
- About variation
- .60 heritability - for a set population that varies on a trait, 60% of variation is down to difference in genetic makeup - 19Measuring Heritability: Twin StudiesTWIN STUDIES
- Compare MZ and DZ twins
- MZ: Identical, share 100% genetic material
- DZ: Fraternal, share 50% genetic material
No more alike than any two siblings
KEY ASSUMPTION: Environmental differences do not make MZ twins more similar than DZ twins - 20Measuring Heritability: Adoption StudiesCompare adopted children with birth and adoptive families
- Correlation with biological family means?
- Correlation with adoptive family means?
KEY ASSUMPTION: Environment before adoption has no systematic effect on behaviour - 21Quantitative GeneticsInvolves use of statistical methods to distinguish genetic and environmental effects on behavioural traits in groups of individuals
Heritability estimates help us understand relative contributions of different potential influences on behaviour.
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- Degree Biological (Week 2: Genetic and Environmental) Flashcards on Study of Evolution and Genetics, created by Norma Sempa on 10/10/2016.
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- Norma Sempa
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