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Flashcards

World Ocean -- Exam 2

Carlos Beltre Geology English 56 cards

World Ocean -- Exam 2

Cards in this deck (56)

  1. 1moleculeatoms bonded to one another compromise a molecule. a chemical substance that can be separated into distinct atoms
  2. 2protonscarry a positive charge
  3. 3neutronscarry no charge
  4. 4electronsOrbit around the nucleus. Carry a negative charge and have little mass
  5. 5waterwater
  6. 6temperaturethe measure of the amount of energy in a substace
  7. 7heat capacitythe amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of a substance to 1 degree Celcius
  8. 8Water heat capacity1 cal/degree C
    High capacity
  9. 9latent heat of meltingthe amount of heat/energy required to break hydrogen bonds
  10. 103 heat regions on EarthPolar, Subtropical, Equatorial
  11. 11When ocean water evaporates, the surface temperature of the ocean ________________Decreases
  12. 12When water vapor in the atmosphere condenses and falls to the ocean, the temperature of the atmosphere ____________Increases
  13. 13When polar ocean water freezes, the temperature of the surface ocean near the ice ____________Increases
  14. 14Salinitythe total amount of solid material dissolved in the ocean
  15. 15Major SaltsMajor Salts
  16. 16PPT"parts per thousand" (0/00). Unit of measurement for salinity
  17. 17Salinity Across OceansMost oceans -- 32-37 ppt
    Low salinity(ex: Baltic Sea) -- 10 ppt
    Hypersaline seas:
    -- Red Sea: 42 ppt
    -- Great Salt Lake: 280 ppt
    -- Dead Sea: 330 ppt
  18. 18Law of Constant Proportions-- The major salts in seawater are present in "constant proportion" to one another
    -- Discovery made during the Challenger expedition
  19. 19Water's thermal properties-- Heat: the energy that's transferred from one substance to another
    -- Temperature: the measure of amount of energy in a substance
  20. 20Residence Timeaverage amount of time a substance stays dissolved in the ocean
  21. 21ocean mixing timetime it takes the entire ocean to mix up
    -- Mixing time of world ocean ~ 1000 yrs
    -- If salt ion residence time > mixing time of ocean, then salt ion is said to be “conservative”
  22. 22Processes that INCREASE salinity-- REMOVE freshwater from ocean
    -- Ex: evaporation
  23. 23Processes that DECREASE salinity-- ADD freshwater to ocean
    -- Ex: melting of ice, rainfall
  24. 24Seawater Density: As Temperature goes UP...-- Above 3.98 dg C: density goes DOWN
    -- Below 3.98 dg C: as temperature goes DOWN, density goes DOWN
  25. 25Seawater Density: As Salinity goes UP...density goes UP
  26. 26Seawater Density: As pressure goes UP...density goes UP
  27. 27Thermoclinesharp change in temperature with depth
  28. 28in Northern hemisphere, the Thermocline is fully developed in ________August
  29. 29in Southern hemisphere, the Thermocline is fully developed in ________March
  30. 30density of sea water-- density is the amount of mass contained in a unit volume
    -- Between 1.022 and 1.030 g/cm^3
  31. 31density of pure water1.000 g/cm^3
  32. 32Hydrostatic Pressureincreases with ocean depth
  33. 33CTDInstrument used to measure:
    -- Conductivity (salinity)
    -- Temperature
    -- Depth (pressure)
  34. 343 forms of gases in sea(1) Bubbles
    (2) Dissolved in seawater
    (3) Trapped in ice or clathrate hydrates
  35. 35pH-- the measure of acidity/alkalinity of a substance
    -- Measured from 0-14 (0 being most acidic)
    -- PROTONS give substances their acidity
  36. 36exact acidity of sea waterpH = 8
  37. 37Carbon Dioxide (CO2)-- typical water concentration = 90ppm
    -- important for pH buffering of seawater
  38. 38Factors adding CO2 to ocean:-- Atmosphere
    -- respiration from bacteria, animals, and plants
  39. 39Factors removing CO2 from ocean:photosynthesis
  40. 40ionan atom with either a positive or negative charge
  41. 41isotopesatoms of the same element that differ in weight due to variable numbers of neutrons
  42. 42heat-- results from the physical vibrations(kinetic energy) of atoms and molecules
    -- the more heat, the greater the agitation of atoms and molecules
  43. 43ice molecular structure-- an orderly, rigid arrangement of water molecules that are held firmly in place by STRONG electrical bonds between the molecules
  44. 44evaporationwhen molecules contain so much kinetic energy that they escape from the liquid surface and become gas
  45. 45cationpositively charged atom
  46. 46anionnegatively charged atom
  47. 47saturationwhen there's physically no more "room" for the sodium and chloride in the water
  48. 48maximum water density-- reached at 3.98 dg C because polymers persist in water cooler than that temperature
  49. 49steady-state equillibriumthe balance between inputs and outputs of salt to the ocean
    -- inputs AKA "sources"
    -- outputs AKA "sinks"
  50. 50Insolationthe solar energy striking the Earth's surface
  51. 51haloclinessharp change in SALINITY with depth
  52. 52pycnoclinesharp change in DENSITY with depth
  53. 53surface layertop-most layer of water, usually ~100 meters
  54. 54photosynthesisconverts water and CO2 into organic matter and release Oxygen
  55. 55respirationintake Oxygen, output CO2
  56. 56hydrologic cyclethe exchange of water among the ocean, the land, and the atmosphere

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Geology Flashcards on World Ocean -- Exam 2, created by Carlos Beltre on 24/10/2016.
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Carlos Beltre
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