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Flashcards

Unit 2 Psychology

jsavage1 English 44 cards

Cards in this deck (44)

  1. 1Give three studies for the link between stress and IllnessKiecolt-Glaser 1984- 75 medicals students (reduced T-cell activity)
    Cohen 1993- 794 questionnaire and cold virus 82% infected
    Kiecolt-Glaser Alzheimer carers wound took longer to heal
  2. 2Name the Stages of Selye's GASAlarm (HPA and SAM physiological responses)
    Resistance-period these systems remain activated
    Exhaustion- after Chronic stress related illnesses developted
  3. 3Name the Hormone released from the pituitary gland in the HPAAdrenocorticotrophic Hormone
  4. 4Two negative evaluations of the Stress effects on Illness studiesReductionism - ignores sociocultural context of where they live and Individual difference- e.g. gender, age, personality (Type A and Type B)
  5. 5Explain Holmes and Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)5000 patents gave a numerical value to 43 life events and then said how many had happened to them in the past year- a person scoring 200-300 LCUs 50% more likely to suffer illness and 300+ 80%
  6. 6Name some Illnesses associated with the SRRS investigationsudden cardiac death, non-fatal heart attacks, TB, diabetes, leukaemia, accidents and sport injuries.
  7. 7What part of the HPA would help explain this and why?Immunosuppression- effect of the corticosteroid, Cortisol = depletion of white blood cells (T cells) meaning bacteria and viruses can not be 'fought' easily leaving the person vulnerable to illness
  8. 8What was Rahe's studies to see if a rating on the SRRS scale could predict the onset of Illness?2500 American Male Navel sailors, completed SRRS of how many life events they had experienced in the last six months. During their six month tour of duty a detailed record of the sailors health status was kept. They found a positive correlation of +0.12 between the number of life events and illness score's.
  9. 9What's wrong with correlations?helps show a link but dose NOT mean that one thing (illness) was caused by the other factor (life events)
  10. 10Other problems with Rahe's Studiesemotional impact of event not taken in to account. (Bad or Good)
    individual differences not taken into account (Primary and Secondary appraisal.) And the data is retrospective, self-reported of the previous year can be unreliable.
  11. 11What is a daily hassle?relatively minor annoyance of everyday life, the effects are 'short lived' but can accumulate over time in to something more serious such as depression and anxiety.
  12. 12What is an Uplift?A positive event that happens throughout the day, that can counteract the negative effects of a daily hassle
  13. 13What is the Hassles and Uplifts Scale HSUP?Delongis 1982 developed this scale to measure a participants attitudes to daily situation, it provides a way of evaluating both hassles and uplifts in every day life.
  14. 14outline Bouteyre's 2007 study in to daily hasslesinvestigating the relationship between daily hassles and the mental health of first year university students. French University students completed the daily Hassles part of the HSUP and the Beck Depression Inventory to measure their symptoms of depression - 41% of students suffered symptoms of Depression
  15. 15Name another study that shows the effects of Daily Hassles but also includes upliftsGervais 2005- Asked nurses to keep a diary for a month, they found that Daily Hassle did have effect not just on how they felt but their performance and that Uplifts helped cancel them out.
  16. 16Explain Kim and McKenry's study into the Cultural differences in daily hassles.Kim and McKenry 1998 found that their was a cultural difference in the amount of social support given by peoples family and friends. For example more support was given by African and Asian Americans then Caucasians. They found that those with the most support had lower stress in difficult situations, so social supports reduced stress levels from the daily hassle of having to look after a relative with Alzheimer's.
  17. 17Who is the Psychologist that came up with the idea that Daily Hassles are stressful?Lazarus 1999
  18. 18Name the reasons for Workplace stressEnvironment, Control, workload and Home-work interface.
  19. 19Explain why Environment would be a cause of stress.Temperature, lighting, nose and physical arrangement of workplace can cause frustration, stress and even aggression. Take in to account personal space and privacy.
  20. 20Explain why control would effect work place stress.High levels of control tend to lead to lower levels of stress and low levels of stress lead to higher levels of stress.
  21. 21name and explain one study about the link with lack of control and work place stress.Marmot et al. 1991 carried out a three year longitudinal study of 3000 civil servants, they found that those in the lower grades were more likely to suffer from cardio vascular illness, than those in the higher grades.
  22. 22Explain Work-life interface and how it can be a cause of stress.having to balance your home life and your work life can be very stressful to some people for example parents with small children.
  23. 23explain how workload can be a cause of stress.one of the most obvious causes of workplace stress is a work overload
  24. 24name one study that links workload and stressDewe 1992, found that excessive work load was the greatest source of stress in the workplace.
  25. 25Name a study for workload and stressScultz 2010 survey of 16000 US workers and found that a work over load lead to negative health but it also those with a work under load felt bored and insufficiently valued which they found to be almost as damaging.
  26. 26Evaluation points for workplace stress.Individual differences such as age, gender, culture and personality type (A or B). As well as the fact that most of the research is correlational.
  27. 27Who came up with Type A and Type B personalities?Friedman and Rosenman 1974
  28. 28Name the chemical realised by the Hypothalamus in the HPACorticotrophin relaxing factor (CRF)
  29. 29List Type A behaviourLike/ work best against the clock and doing several things at once. Irritation and impatience with other people and are unhappy doing nothing. Are very competitive always play to win and measure achievement in material productivity. Are angry, self critical and hostile.
  30. 30List Type B behaviour.people who are generally more relaxed about life, they have lower levels of stress
  31. 31Name two studies that link the hostility part of Type A behaviour and CHDHemingway 1999 and Williams et al. 2003 both found a link between hostility and CHD. But Williams was able to link hostility to an increased risk of hypertension.
  32. 32Name two studies that show evidence for physiological/ biological differences in Type A and Type B personalities.Rebollo and Boosmsma 2006 did a twin study (on both identical and fraternal twins) they found that 45% of the variations in Type A behaviour was genetic. Konareva 2011 used a EEG to find differences if Type A and B and AB behaviour they found it was due to an inherited neurochemical factor that could effect some one dispositions.
  33. 33Is there a difference in men and woman (use study)?Vroege and Aaronson 1994 found that fewer Type A men and women sought social support then Type B. And as proved by Kim and McKenry's study social support can help elevate stress. The link between CHD may be explained by both lack of social support and personality type in men and women
  34. 34Negative evaluation of Personality types and stress related IllnessThe studies in to personality types are manly correlational (which is one problem) the other is the fact that it would be unethical to put some one under so much stress they become ill so we can not no if personality types led to stress related illness or not. There is also the fact that the entire basis of Type A and b personalities is flawed. According to Mischel 1968 how said that how we behave and that constancy is an illusion as we only encounter ourselves and others in a limited rage of contexts and the idea of a Type A/ B personality is that a personality remains stable.
  35. 35Who came up with the idea of a hardy personalityKobasa
  36. 36Explain a hardy personalityKobasa 1977 found that certain individuals were better equipped to handle stress. There are three key elements to a hardy personality. Control- someone who feels they have control over what happens to them. Commitment- some one who gets involved in life and are less likely to give up when the going gets though. Challenge- they appraise situations in a different way and see challenges as a positive.
  37. 37What is the problem with control and stress?In some ways having control is good, but when someone has to much control then this can lead to obsessive behaviour and this can raise stress levels.
  38. 38Explain Kobasa's 1985 studyShe found that those who presented non of the elements of a hardy personality scored highest on the severity of illness scale and this decreased if they showed one, this pattern continued with two and the lowest SofIS if they had all three.
  39. 39What was Kobasa's sample bias?Most of her work was on professional men therefore is gender specific. And the results may be different for women
  40. 40What are the distinctions between the three factors of a hardy personality?We don't know how these three factors work together so: only one may be key in reducing stress. They could vary in importance, they could operate in a liner fashion e.g. those with high control may only commit to something they know they can handle but also see as a challenge. Lastly they could work together synergistically, so the combined effect s more powerful.
  41. 41name the four biological/ psychological ways of stress managementHandiness training, SIT, drug therapy and biofeedback.
  42. 42How does hardiness training work?it was developed by Kobasa so people could learn a more hardy personality. It involves a three stage process. Focusing- so the individual notices their stressor. Reliving stressful encounters- a patent recall a recent stressful event and talks about how they could have handled it better. Self-improvement- the patent learn to avoid future stress by learning to think about a stressful situation differently.
  43. 43What is biofeedback?The sympathetic nervous system is relaxed in a non-biochemical way. The person taught relaxation techniques such as mediation and there heart rate or blood pressure is monitored when something stressful happens (buzzers or a vibrating alarm) while using the relaxation technique to calm themselves down.
  44. 44What are emotion and problem focused coping methods?emotion focused coping is dealing with the physiological reaction to the stressor such as going out with your friends. Where as problem focused dealing with the actual stressor such as making and stick to a revision timetable

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Flashcards on Unit 2 Psychology, created by jsavage1 on 02/04/2014.
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