Flashcards
Biology Topic 2.3
Cards in this deck (12)
- 1What is the function of the pancreas?To release digestive enzymes into the small intestine (exocrine gland).
to release hormones (e.g. insulin and glucagon) into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) - 2What can happen if the pancreatic duct becomes NARROWED by mucus in a CF patient?A lower volume of digestive enzymes will be released into the small intestine. So, the rate of digestion is impaired and nutrients cannot be absorbed.
CF patients need to eat significantly larger amounts of food to get the nutrients and energy they require. - 3What 2 things can happen if the pancreatic duct becomes BLOCKED by mucus?1. The enzymes become trapped in the pancreas, damaging it.
2. The hormones involved in regulating sugar levels get damaged and the patient gets a special form of diabetes. - 4How does lock-and-key theory work?1. Random movement causes the enzyme to collide with the substrate.
2. The amino acids in the active site temporarily bond with the substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex.
3. Charged groups attract, distorting the substrate, aiding bond breaking and making.
4. Products are released from the enzyme. - 5What is induced fit theory?Active sites in enzymes are often flexible and when the substrate enters the active site the enzyme changes shape slightly. Only a particularly shaped substrate will induce the right change of an enzyme. The substrate will only react if the correct change is made.
- 6What is activation energy?The initial amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur.
- 7Why do enzymes need to reduce activation energy?So that reactions can start in cells without raising the temperature of the cell.
- 8Enzymes: Where can they be found? What can they do? Where can the reactions happen?Either free-floating or attached to membranes.
Can either make bonds (anabolic) or break bonds (catabolic).
They can happen in cells (intracelluar reactions) or outside (extracellular reactions) - 9How do you find the rate of reaction?Either by measuring the amount of reactant used or the amount of product formed in a given time.
- 10What effect does enzyme concentration and substrate concentration have on the initial rate of reaction?Increasing enzyme concentration always increases initial rate of reaction.
Increasing substrate concentration also increases initial rate of reaction until all the active sites are full. - 11What effect does cystic fibrosis have on the reproductive system?Women: A mucus plug blocks the cervix so the sperm cannot reach the egg.
Men: Often lack the sperm duct (vas deferens) or it becomes blocked with mucus so little if any sperm get released. - 12How is the sweat of a person with CF different to someone without CF?Someone with CF will have saltier sweat.
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- New AS level Biology topic 2.3 How does cystic fibrosis affect other body systems?
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- Amy Tourle
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