Flashcards
Biology 2.5 Flashcards (Mel)
Cards in this deck (14)
- 1What are protein molecules made of and what do they do?They are made up of chains of amino acids. These long chains are folded to produce a specific shape that enables other molecules to fit into the protein
- 2What do proteins act as?-Structural components of tissue such as muscles
-Hormones
-Antibodies
-Catalysts - 3What do catalysts do?They increase the rate of chemical reactions
- 4What are biological catalysts called?Enzymes
(Enzymes are proteins) - 5Some enzymes work outside the body cells Talk about digestive enzymesThe digestive enzymes are produced by specialised cells in glands and in the lining of the gut. The enzymes then pass out of the cells into the gut where they come into contact with food molecules. They catalyse the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules
- 6Where is Amylase produced? What does it do?Produced in salivary glands
Breaks down starch into glucose
When swallowed salivary amylase is denatured by stomach acid - 7What does the liver produce?Produces bile, which is stored in the gall bladder and released into the small intestine. Bile neutralises stomach acid, providing alkaline conditions, optimum pH, for enzymes in small intestine. Bile emulsifies lipids to increase surface area for lipase to work on.
- 8What does the stomach produce?Produces pepsin (protease) enzyme catalyses the breakdown of proteins into amino acids. HCI kills pathogens and provides optimum conditions for pepsin
- 9What does the pancreas produce?Produces amylase, trypsin (protease) and lipase enzymes. Neutral/slightly alkaline conditions
- 10What does the small intestine do?Produces amylase, protease and lipase enzymes. Lipase enzymes catalyse the breakdown of lipids (fats and oils) into fatty acids (reduce pH in an experiment) and glycerol
- 11How are enzymes denatured?Enzymes are denatured by high temperatures and extremes of pH. This means the active site changes shape and the substrate can no longer fit. No reaction will occur
- 12What are enzymes used for?Used to bring about reactions at normal temperatures and pressures that would otherwise require expensive, energy -demanding equipment. Denaturing enzymes are costly to produce
- 13Some microorganisms produce enzymes that pass out of cells. These enzymes have many uses in the home and industry In the home:-Biological detergents may contain protein-digesting and fat-digesting enzymes (proteases and lipases)
-Biological detergents are more effective at low temperatures than other types of detergents (at high temperatures the enzymes denature) - 14Some microorganisms produce enzymes that pass out of cells. These enzymes have many uses in the home and industry In the industry:-Proteases are used to 'pre -digest' the protein (in to amino acids) in some baby foods
-Carbohydrates are used to convert starch into sugar syrup
-Isomerase is used to convert glucose syrup into fructose syrup, which is much sweeter and therefore less can be used