GoConqr has a new look! Let us know what you think.

Sign up free

Flashcards

Sociology

lakeasha English 203 cards

Cards in this deck (203)

  1. 1social deviancerecognized violation of cultural norms
  2. 2perspectives on deviance:-absolutist (either right or wrong)
    -normative (focus on behaviours people engage in)
    -reactivist (nothing inherently deviant)
  3. 3social control-any process where people define and respond to deviant behaviour
    -internal, external, formal, or informal
  4. 4examples of social controlconfronting, fighting, gossiping, suicide
  5. 5ultimate form of internal social control:suicide
  6. 6functionalist perspective on social control-deviance is disruption to order
    -may have positive contributions
    -Merton's typology
    -Cohen's deviant subcultures
  7. 7Merton's typology-conformity +,+
    -innovation +,-
    -ritualism -,+
    -retreatism -,-
    -rebellion
  8. 8"Crime as Social Control"-crime can form of self help
    -much crime has moralistic quality
    -inversion of victims and offenders
  9. 9crimeviolation of a society's formal criminal law
  10. 10criminal justice systemformal response by police to alleged violations of law
  11. 113 foundations of social deviance-varies according to cultural norms
    -become deviant as people define you that way
    -way people define rule breaking involves social power
  12. 12Merton's strain theory-innovation (unconventional means to get culturally approved goal)
    -ritualism (don't think they can be rich, so stick to rules)
    -retreatism (rejection of cultural goals)
    -rebellion (reject cultural definition of success and means of getting it )
  13. 13self helpexpression of grievance by unilateral aggression
  14. 14stigma-powerful negative social label
    -operates as master status
  15. 15symbolic interactionist perspective on labelling theory-once behav. defined as deviant, label reinforces it
    -secondary deviance stems from label
    -hard to change label
  16. 16Garfinkel's degradation ceremony-person accused of deviant act
    -negative stigma applied
    -public scolding
    -forced to acknowledge moral superiority of accuser
  17. 17Thomas Scheff's theory of mental illness-mental probs have social basis
    -everyone has lapses of reason
  18. 18transitory devianceoccurs in contexts where person can avoid being labelled
  19. 19stabilizing devianceonce person's defined as deviant/"sick" and treated that way
  20. 20Rosenhan's study of "sane indiv."-sane people admitted to psych ward
    -master status assigned as entry
    -staff treated them differently
  21. 21labelling theoryidea that deviance/conformity result not so much from what people do but from how others respond to those actions
  22. 22medicalization of deviancetransformation of moral/legal deviance into a medical condition
  23. 23conformity to 4 types of social control:-attachment
    -oppurtunity
    -belief
    -involvement
  24. 24white collar crimecommitted by people of high social social positions
  25. 25corporate crimeillegal actions of a corporation/people acting on its behalf
  26. 26organized crimebusiness that supplies illegal goods/services
  27. 27hate crimeagainst a person/property motivated by racial or other bias
  28. 28most hate crimes in canada are against...Jewish people
  29. 29Myth of Mental Illness-patient/ other defines them as deviant (relative)
    -thought to be correctable through medical action
    -mental illness removed from illness category b/c regarded as expression of man's struggles with problems of how he should live
  30. 30deviancy linked to...social inequality
  31. 31Sutherland's differential association theoryconformity/deviance are learned processes
  32. 32Hirschi's control theory-why do people obey norms?
    -attachment, opportunity, involvement, belief
    -learning self control in childhood
  33. 33conflict theory of deviance-laws reflect interests of the rich
    -always has a political component
  34. 343 categories of criminal offences-violent
    -property
    -victimless
  35. 35homicide rates are lowest since:1960
  36. 36______ has highest crime rate and ______ has lowestregina, toronto
  37. 37double disadvantage thesissocioeconomic and cultural status may put people at risk for being targeted/imprisoned
  38. 38psychiatry vs. sociology with mental illness-psychiatry looks at behav. and diagnosis them
    -sociology measures illness by a spectrum
  39. 39stressors-threat (expectation of harm)
    -demands (excessive burden)
    -structural constraint (features of social structure linked to disadvantages)
  40. 40variety of stressors-life change event (major changes, undesirable)
    -chronic stressors (enduring problems in everyday life)
    -nonevents (desired events that don't occur)
    -trauma (not usual human experience)
  41. 412 elements of a crime-act itself
    -guilty mind (mens rea)
  42. 42violent crimesagainst people that involve violence/threat of it
  43. 43victimless crimesviolations of law where there are no apparent victims
  44. 44property crimetheft of property belonging to others
  45. 45plea bargainlegal negotiation where prosecution drops defendants charge for a guilty plea
  46. 46strain theory explains...police deviance
  47. 47four justifications for punishment-retribution
    -deterrence
    -rehab
    -societal protection
  48. 48retributionact of moral vengeance where society makes offender suffer as much as he made society suffer
  49. 49deterrenceattempt to discourage criminality through punishment
  50. 50rehabilitationprogram for reforming offender
  51. 51societal protectionrenders offener incapable of offences through incarceration/execution
  52. 52criminal recidivismsubsequent offences by people previously convicted of crimes
  53. 53community based correctionscorrectional programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls
  54. 54Normality of Crime- Collins:-violent punishment has never deterred
    -liberals: put yourself in criminals shoes
    -conservatives: criminals have a bad gene and are bad people
    -crime is individualistic
    -crime is necessary feature for all societies
    -societies bonds would fade without crime
  55. 55social statusones position within a hierarchy
  56. 56powerdifferential capacity to control resources
  57. 57authorityif you exercise power
  58. 58social inequalityunequal distribution of resources
  59. 59social inequality sytems:-slave (through birth/capture/trade)
    -caste (supported by religion)
    -estate (land holdings)
    -class ( product of industrialism)
  60. 60David Moore theory on stratification-strat. as functional for society
    -some positions need greater skill than others
    -meritocracy more efficient
  61. 61capitalismsystem of producing goods as well as an economic/social/political system
  62. 62Marx on capitalism-class conflict inevitable between bourgeoise and proletariat
    -ruling class shapes superstructure
  63. 63proletariatmeans of production
  64. 64Weber's Tripartite division-multidimensional view of strat. which includes economics/status/prestige
  65. 65Kuznet's curve-tech. developments tend to increase inequality initially but means of production ends up lowering cost
  66. 66Titanic signalled the end of...the old social order/class system
  67. 67social stratificationsystem where society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
  68. 68social stratification based on 4 principles:-trait of society
    -carries over generations
    -universal but variable
    -inequality and beliefs
  69. 69social mobilitychange in position within the social hierarchy
  70. 70caste system-social stratification based on ascription/birth
    (Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra)
  71. 71class systemsocial strat. based on birth and individual achievement
  72. 72meritocracysocial strat. based on personal merit
  73. 73status consistencydegree of consistency in persons social standing based on various dimensions of social inequality
  74. 74UK is mix of _____ and _____ in class systemcaste, meritocracy
  75. 75structural social mobilityshift in social position of large numbers of people owing more to changes in society itself than individuals
  76. 76ideologycultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements
  77. 77Davis Moore thesissocial strat. has beneficial consequences for the operation of society
  78. 78industrial workers haven't overthrown capitalism because:-fragmentation of capitalist class
    -higher standard of living
    -great legal protections
  79. 79blue collar occupationslower prestige jobs that involve manual labour
  80. 80white collar occupationshigher prestige jobs that involve mental activity
  81. 81socioeconomic statuscomposite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality
  82. 82Max and Marx treat social strat. as...macro level issue
  83. 83conspicuous consumptionbuying/using products because of the statements they make about social position
  84. 84global stratificationpatterns of social inequality in the world as a whole
  85. 85types of slavery-chattle (one person owns another)
    -imposed by state (gov't imposes forced labour)
    -child
    -debt bondage (worker paid less than what they're worth)
    -servile (bride slave)
  86. 86colonialismprocess where nations enrich themselves through political control of other nations
  87. 87neocolonialismglobal power through economic exploitation by multinational corporations
  88. 88multinational corporationlarge business that operates in many countries
  89. 89quintilesbreaking distribution down by 20% (in 5ths)
  90. 9040% say ______ is highest education they havehighschool
  91. 914 class breakdown-upper (inherited money)
    -middle
    -working
    -lower (minimum wage)
  92. 92culture of poverty-behaviours are learned at early age
  93. 93feminization of poverty-women have been historically disadvantaged
  94. 94social capital thesis-access to social networks
    -latest way of discriminating
  95. 95social patterns of distress-importance of education
    -age
    -marital status
    -parental status
    -gender
    -undesirable change
    *therefore mental illness is socially patterned*
  96. 96incomeoccupational wages, earnings from investments
  97. 97wealthtotal amount of money/assets, minus debts
  98. 98women earn __ % of male income60%
  99. 99intragenerational social mobilitychange in social mobility occurring during a persons lifetime
  100. 100intergenerational social mobilityupward/downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents
  101. 101relative povertydeprivation of some people in relation to those who have more
  102. 102absolute povertydeprivation of resources that's life threatening
  103. 103feminization of povertytrend where women represent an increasing proportion of the poor
  104. 104gender stratificationunequal distribution of resources between men and women
  105. 105sexismbelief that one sex if inherently superior to the other
  106. 106infantilization processlinguistically treating women as not important (men vs. girls)
  107. 107genderpersonal traits/social position attached to being male/female
  108. 108patriarchysocial organization where males dominate females
  109. 109matriarchysocial organization where females dominate males
  110. 110gender/sex rolesattitudes/activities that a society links to each sex
  111. 111minoritycategory of people distinguished by physical/cultural differences that a society sets apart
  112. 112intersection theoryinterplay of race/class/gender, resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantage
  113. 113sexual harassmentcomments/gestures of a sexual nature that are deliberate/unwelcome
  114. 114structural functionalist theory on gender-preindustrial societies have distinctive roles for sexes based on biological differences
  115. 115symbolic interactionist theory on gender-people use gender as one element of personal performances as they socially construct reality through interactions
  116. 116social conflict theory on gender-gender inequality benefits men/disadvantages women
  117. 117feminismsupport of social equality for men and women, in opposition to sexism
  118. 118types of feminism-liberal (equal opportunity for both sexes within in existing society)
    -socialist (gender equality will come about by replacing capitalism with socialism)
    -radical (eliminate concept of gender and create a gender free society)
  119. 119miscegenationmixing between races
  120. 120ethnicitygroup of people who have a shared background/ heritage
  121. 121theories of prejudice-scapegoat (take out frustration on people with less power)
    -cultural (everyone has prejudice because of culture)
    -conflict (prejudice is tool for maintaining privilege)
  122. 122discriminationbehavioural expression of prejudice
  123. 123patterns of interaction-multiculturalism
    -assimilation
    -segregation
    -genocide
  124. 124racesocially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that society considers important
  125. 125prejudicerigid, unfair generalization about an entire category of people
  126. 126stereotypesimplified description applied to every person in some category
  127. 127scapegoatperson with little/no power and people unfairly blame for own troubles
  128. 128discriminationunequal treatment of various categories of people
  129. 129institutional prejudice and discriminationbias built into the operation of society's institutions
  130. 130pluralismstate in which racial/ethnic minorities are distinct but have social parity
  131. 131institutional completenesscomplexity of community organizations that meet the needs of other members
  132. 132assimilationprocess where minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture and become more similar to dominant group
  133. 133miscegenationbiological reproduction by partners of different racial categories
  134. 134segregationphysical/social separation of categories of people
  135. 135genocidesystematic killing of one category of people by another
  136. 136law of scarcitynever enough resources for everyone to get what they want
  137. 137dominant economic systems-capitalism (private ownership/personal profit)
    -socialism (collective ownership/goals)
  138. 138laissez-faire="invisible hand"
  139. 139___% of rapes are committed by people that know the victim85%
  140. 140types of unemployment-cyclical
    -seasonal
    -structural
  141. 141endogamymarriage between 2 people of the same social standing
  142. 142exogamybetween 2 people of different social standings
  143. 143residential patterns/lineage-patrilocal
    -matrilocal
    -neolocal
    -patrilineal
    -matrilineal
    -bilateral
  144. 144McDonaldization of society-efficiency
    -calculability
    -predictability (service will be the same)
    -control (exerted over people)
  145. 145a lot of conflict is _______ in naturemoralistic
  146. 146economysocial institution that organizes societies production/distribution of goods
  147. 147post industrial economyproductive system based on service work and high technology
  148. 148primary sectordraws raw materials from the environment
  149. 149secondary sectortransforms raw materials into manufactured goods
  150. 150tertiary sectorinvolves services rather than goods
  151. 151global economyeconomic activity that crosses national borders
  152. 152communismhypothetical economic system where all members of society ate socially equal
  153. 153welfare capitalismeconomic system that combines market based economy with extensive social welfare programs
  154. 154state capitalismeconomic system where companies are privately owned but cooperate closely with the government
  155. 155primary labour marketjobs that provide extensive benefits to workers
  156. 156secondary labour marketjobs that provide minimal benefits to workers
  157. 157labour unionsorganizations of workers that seek to improve wages/working conditions through various strategies, including negotiations/strikes
  158. 158professionprestigious white collar job that requires extensive formal education
  159. 159underground economyeconomic activity involving income not reported to the government as required by law
  160. 160corporationorganization with legal existence including rights and liabilities, separate from that of its members
  161. 161conglomerategiant corporation composed of many smaller corporations
  162. 162how the information revolution is changing what we do:-computers are deskilling labour
    -make work more abstract
    -limit workspace interaction
    -increase employers control of worker
    -allow companies to relocate work
  163. 163familysocial institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including kids
  164. 164kinshipsocial bond based on common ancestry/marriage/adoption
  165. 165marriagelegal relationship involving economic cooperation/sexual activity/child bearing
  166. 166extended familyconsisting of parents/kids/other kids (consanguine family)
  167. 167nuclear familyparents/kids (conjugal family)
  168. 168descentmembers of society trace kinship over generations
  169. 169which taboo exists in all societies?incest
  170. 170social conflict theory on family-family perpetuates gender roles
  171. 171infidelitysexual activity outside of one's marriage
  172. 172__ out of 10 marriages fail4
  173. 173cohabitationsharing of a household by an unmarried couple
  174. 174true/false: common law relationships are shorter livedtrue
  175. 175religionsocial institution involving beliefs/practices built upon recognizing the sacred
  176. 176Durkheim's 4 stage process of the god concept-group recognition of distinctive features
    -clan identifies with representative object
    -acquires forbidden aspect through worship
    -myths passed down through generations
  177. 177Marx & religion-it's the 'opiate of the masses'
    -drugs people into rationalizing their privilege in society
  178. 178___% don't have access to school in Afghanistan95%
  179. 179latent functions of schooling:-child care
    -marriage market
    -deferral from labour market
    -social networks for career development
  180. 180profaneincluded as an ordinary element of everyday life
  181. 181sacredset aside as extraordinary/inspiring
  182. 182ritualformal/ceremonial behaviour
  183. 183faithbelief based on conviction rather than scientific evidence
  184. 184Durkheim's functions of religion:-unites people
    -encourages people to obey norms
    -gives meaning to life
  185. 185totemobject in the natural world collectively defined as sacred
  186. 186liberation theologycombining of christian principles with political activism
  187. 187churchreligious organization thats well integrated into the larger society
  188. 188state churchchurch formally allied with the state
  189. 189denominationchurch independent of the state that recognizes religious pluralism
  190. 190sectreligious organization that stands out from the larger society
  191. 191charismaextraordinary personal qualities that can infuse people with emotion and turn them into followers
  192. 192cultreligious organization thats largely outside a society's cultural traditions
  193. 193animismbelief that elements of the natural world are conscious life forms that affect humanity
  194. 194monotheismbelief in a single divine power
  195. 195polytheismbelief in many gods
  196. 196religiosityimportance of religion in a persons life
  197. 197secularizationhistorical decline in the importance of the supernatural/sacred
  198. 198fundamentalismconservative religious doctrine that opposes intellectualism/worldly accommodation in favour of restoring traditional otherworldly religion
  199. 199educationsocial institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge
  200. 200schoolingformal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers
  201. 201functional literacylack of the reading/writing skills needed for everyday living
  202. 202hidden curriculumsubtle presentations of political/cultural ideas in the classroom
  203. 203streamingthe assigning of students to different types of educational programs

Information

Description
Flashcards on Sociology, created by lakeasha on 15/04/2014.
Created by
lakeasha
Views
35
Rating

Feedback

What is it about?

What do you think of the new look?

How do you like it?