7852689
Description
Flashcards by Isabel Knight, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Isabel Knight
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is meant by the term 'gap in the market'? | An area where there aren't any products available to meet peoples needs. |
| What is meant by the term 'built-in obsolescence'? | When something is designed so that it becomes useless or out of date quickly. |
| Describe how a designer could build obsolescence into their product | -Make the design poor quality-breaks quickly -Make it impossible or really expensive to repair/update -Make the design up to date-becomes unfashionable quickly |
| Give the advantages and disadvantages of built-in obsolescence | ADVANTAGES: -drives innovation in new replacement products -keeps manufacturers and designers in jobs DISADVANTAGES: -annoyed customers -bad for environment-thrown away products +replacement products use energy-causes pollution |
| Explain the 5 stages of a products life-cycle | 1)INTRODUCTION-launching a new design is expensive(cost of a designer+marketing) 2)GROWTH-if it's successful, sales go up-increased profit 3)MATURITY-prices may have to be reduced-more competitors 4)EVOLUTION-change design-re-launch it/it declines 5)DECLINE-reduced sales and profit-product is withdrawn and replaced |
| Explain the difference between quality of design and quality of manufacture | A well-designed product: -carries out function well -looks good and attracts consumers A well-manufactures product: -has been made to a good standard -is accurate to the original design |
| What is meant by 'anthropometric data'? | Measurement of human body parts. |
| Give 5 things to consider for an ergonomic design | 1)LETTERING-must be easy for the target market to read 2)COLOUR-easy on the eye/stand out 3)SIZE AND SHAPE-suitable for user 4)TEXTURE-easy to grip? 5)WEIGHT-e.g.if it needs to be portable, keep weight down by choosing the right materials |
| What is Harry Beck famous for designing? | The London Underground Map, in 1933 |
| Name the designer of this product (Philippe Starck's lemon squeezer) | Alberto Alessi |
| Which 2 designers created road signs and why was the design so effective? | JOCK KINNEIR & MARGARET CALVERT -they developed a new typeface which used curvy letters-easier for drivers to read -they used a colour scheme -warning signs included pictograms-easy to understand |
| What type of product is Robert Sabuda associated with? | Pop-up books (he is a paper engineer) |
| Who is Wally Olins? | He is thought to be one of the world's leading brand consultants. He has worked with companies such as BT and P&O. |
| Explain what the following terms mean: a)scale model b)mock-up c)prototype | a)can be 2D/3D drawing (by hand or using CAD so the design can be viewed in virtual reality) scaled down in size to check the shape of the design b)usually full-scale and made of cheap paper/card-used to check if the design is ergonomic/the construction is correct c)full scale working product-include all components and mecanisms |
| What is non-destructive testing? | Doesn't damage the product It tests the product is doing it's normal job to see how well it works and make sure it doesn't break. e.g.to test whether a paper cup holds water |
| What is destructive testing? | Where testing destroys the product to see when and how it fails. It helps the manufacturers write instructions for their products. e.g.packaging might be labelled with maximum loads |
| Give 7 things that should be included in a manufacturing specification. | 1)clear construction details 2)materials 3)sizes (mm) 4)tolerances 5)finishing details-e.g.laminating 6)quality control instructions 7)costings |
| List 4 types of paper along with their properties and uses | 1)CARTRIDGE PAPER- textured surface- sketching with different media 2)LAYOUT PAPER- thin+translucent- general design work(sketching) 3)BLEED-PROOF PAPER-Ink doesn't spread/bleed- drawing with felt-tips/pens 4)TRACING PAPER- translucent- used to copy images |
| What is gsm? | Grams per square metre The measurement to show the thickness of paper or card |
| What is the difference between primary and secondary packaging? What type of board might be used for each? | PRIMARY: packaging for individual items Solid white board-high quality bleached surrface-ideal for printing SECONDARY: packaging used to contain a lot of the same item Corrugated board-made up of a fluted inner core sandwiched between 2 outer layers |
| Describe Duplex board and suggest why it is used for food packaging. | -It has a different colour and texture on each side -It's often used where only one surface is seen so that only one side needs to be smooth for printing -It's unbleached so is ideal for food packaging |
| Describe grey board and give its uses | -Grey board is rigid -easy to cover with paper so that graphics can be printed onto it -found in game boards, hardback books, ring binders and covered boxes |
| What is mount board used for? | It is used to mount drawings and photographs for presentation or framing-usually by cutting a 'window' into the board. |
| List 3 materials that can be used to laminate paper | 1)ALUMINIUM(foil)-used to package food-keeps flavours in+air out-graphics can be printed 2)POLYTHENE-used for paper cups to make it waterproof 3)POLYSTYRENE-makes foam core board-used for mounting posters+making models-stiff but lightweight |
| Describe spiral wound tubes | -made from paper wound in a spiral -light but the tube shape makes them strong -used for fireworks, toilet rolls, snack containers |
| What are the benefits and drawbacks of using thick board instead of thin card for packaging? | BENEFITS:some materials, such as cardboard/grey board can withstand large amounts of force without breaking DRAWBACKS:Thicker materials are heavier which adds to transport costs (extra fuel is burned-bad for environment) |
| List 5 factors you should consider when choosing which paper or board to use? | 1)Cost & Quality 2)Flexibility & Rigidity 3)Finish 4)Strength & Weight 5)Environment & Sustainability |
| Explain why most plastics aren't sustainable | Most plastics are made from crude oil which will eventually be used up |
| What are the 2 main types of polystyrene? | 1)HIGH IMPACT POLYSTYRENE: is rigid, cheap, used for making boxes for products and vacuum forming 2)EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE FOAM: is lightweight, good for 3D modelling |
| Describe the properties and uses of a Corrugated plastic sheet | -It is lightweight, rigid and waterproof(made from polypropylene) -Fairly stiff but can be bent into shapes -good for modelling objects with large flat surface+square edges-e.g.the outside cases of electronic devices -used for estate agents' signs+students' folders |
| Describe the properties and uses of acetate | -It is flexible, hard, shiny, easy to print on+transparent/translucent -It's used in thin sheets for overhead projector transparencies+for packaging where the product needs to be seen -made mostly from wood-more sustainable than other plastics |
| Describe the properties and uses of Polypropylene | -(PP) is quite strong, tough+flexible -used for packaging, chairs, textiles+car parts -products can be made with a 'living hinge' (one piece to make box, lid+hinge)-useful for lunch boxes |
| Describe the properties and uses of Polyvinyl chloride | -(PVC) is cheap, durable, easy to print on, but quite brittle -It's used for blister packs(e.g.holding pills/screws), vinyl records, insulation for electrical wires |
| Describe Machining foam | -more compact than expanded polystyrene-work on it with machine tools without it crumbling -can make detailed pieces that can be painted on-e.g.architectural models |
| What do these symbols represent? | 1)Polyethylene Terephthalate 2)High Density Polyethylene 3)Polyvinyl chloride 4)Low Density Polyethylene 5)Polypropylene 6)Polystyrene 7)All of the plastic resins that don’t fit into the other categories -Avoid recycling symbols (1), 3, 6, and 7 -Look for symbols 2, 4, and 5, as these plastics are considered to be safest |
| What are thermoplastics? | Plastics that can be melted and re-shaped over and over again. |
| What are smart materials? | Materials that change their properties in response to a change in the environment then returns to its original state when the stimuli is taken away. |
| Give 5 examples of smart materials | 1)THERMOCHROMIC-change colour according to temperature-e.g.thermometers,paints, inks(for warning patches-computer chips/spoons 2)PHOSPHORESCENT-absorb light during the day-glow at night-e.g.fire exit, watches 3)HYDROCHROMIC-change colour according to the amount of water they detect 4)ELECTROCHROMIC-change colour according to the varying electrical inputs-e.g.car rear-view mirrors(darken in bright light) 5)PHOTOCHROMIC-change colour depending on light-e.g.light sensitive glasses |
| Give 7 examples of modern materials | 1)CORNSTARCH POLYMERS 2)POTATOPAK 3)PAPER FOAM 4)PMC(Precious Metal Clay) 5)POLYMORPH 6)LYOCELL 7)NANO TECHNOLOGY |
| Give 2 examples of Fillers and when they would be used | 1)PLASTER FILLERS-a powder that you mix with water to create a paste-fills small cracks and improves the surface finish of foam models 2)WOOD FILLER-when using balsa wood, plywood or MDF in your model |
| Describe the 4 stages in applying a filler | 1)lightly rub down the surface with sandpaper to give a rough surface for the filler to go in-KEYING 2)wipe all dust off-clean surface 3)Apply filler-leave to dry until it is solid 4)sand the filler back to a smooth, flat surface with sandpaper |
| Describe how Paints or spirit varnish/lacquers can be used to finish surfaces | PAINTS:-made up of a coloured pigment and a vehicle(a solvent that carries pigment-e.g.water, acrylic, cellulose, oil...) -vehicle then evaporates to leave pigment -water based and acrylic paints dry quickly SPIRIT VARNISH/LACQUERS:consist of a synthetic(man-made) resin(e.g. acrylic resin) -solvent evaporates to leave a thin protective layer of varnish -Ultra violet varnish gives glossy, professional finish-durable |
| Name 4 adhesives for sticking paper and card | 1)GLUE STICKS-non-toxic, cheap, clear when dry, environmentally friendly 2)RUBBER-BASED CEMENT-repositioning is possible 3)GLUE PENS-clear when dry 4)AEROSOLS-for mounting photos onto paper/card |
| Name 3 adhesives for sticking wood together | 1)POLYVINYL ACETATE (PVA)-water based-also good for paper/card(takes a while to dry) 2)BALSA CEMENT-clear when dry-good for balsa wood 3)GLUE GUNS-quickly bond materials like wood, fabric+card-low-melt plastic that can burn your skin |
| What adhesive would you use for sticking acrylic together? | ACRYLIC CEMENT:(also called Tensol) -used for plastics-good for joints -gives off harmful fumes-should be used in a well ventilated area |
| Name 2 adhesives that are useful for sticking together most materials | 1)EPOXY RESIN-need to mix the resin and hardener of epoxy resin glue(e.g. Araldite) -'rapid' versions set in 5 minutes 2)SUPERGLUE-quickly bonds materials-e.g. ceramics, plastics, textile, metal (and your fingers) |
| List 3 types of sticky tape and their properties | 1)SELLOTAPE 2)MASKING TAPE-low-tack, easy to remove-used to mask areas when using pastels/markers 3)DOUBLE-SIDED TAPE-hard to remove-hidden from view-used for card models and net shapes |
| Give the uses of Adhesive plastic film and Blu-tack | 1) (sticky-backed plastic)-used to cover+protect large, awkwardly shaped card/paper models when they can't be laminated 2)Blu-tack is used for temporary fixing-stick posters to walls+folder work-allow for repositioning |
| Name 2 tools used for cutting paper and card in a straight line | 1)ROTARY CUTTERS 2)GUILLOTINES |
| Describe each of the following tools: a)Surgical scalpels b)Compass cutters c)Metal cased knife d)Plastic trimming knife | a)very sharp-great for precision cutting b)used to cut arcs and circles in card/paper-changeable diameter c)good for tougher materials-e.g.thick board/balsa wood d)similar to metal cased knives-retractable blades, blade covers, snap-off blades(no need to sharpen) |
| What special cutters would you use for the following modelling materials?: a)Styrofoam b)Plywood c)MDF (Medium-Density Fibreboard) | a)Hot-wire cutter b)Fret saw (for detailed tight curves)/ Coping saw c)Fret saw/ coping saw |
| What safety precautions should you take when using Styrofoam or MDF? | -Ensure there's plenty of ventilation and extraction -Wear a mask so that you don't breathe in the dust |
| Name 7 temporary fixings and their uses | 1)VELCRO PADS-self-adhesive-good for displays 2)HOOKS-hang materials-displays 3)TREASURY TAGS-hold stuff together loosely 4)DRAWING PINS-paper/card to display boards 5)PRESS STUD FASTENINGS-join fabric together 6)PRONG PAPER FASTENERS-join paper/card as moveable joints 7)STAPLES-for paper/card-removed with staple-remover |
| Give 4 examples of permanent fixings | 1)DOUBLE-SIDED STICKY PADS-stick things together quickly 2)RATCHET RIVETS & 3)Rapid-ASSEMBLY POST AND SCREW-join sheets of corrugated plastic 4)SNAP RIVETS-plastic clips-join sheet material(e.g.plastic) |
| Describe 4 bindings that would be cheap to hold sheets of paper together | 1)COMB BINDING-punch holes into the paper-insert plastic comb-can add/remove pages 2)SPIRAL BINDING-plastic coil down spine 3)WIRO BINDING-spiraled double loop wire 4)SADDLE STITCHING-pages are folded and stapled-don't hold many sheets |
| Describe 3 bindings that would be expensive to hold sheets of paper together. | 1) PERFECT BINDING-pages folded together in sections-glued to spine 2) THREAD SEWING-pages sewn together in sections then a soft cover is glued on 3) CASE-BOUND/HARD-BOUND-like thread sewn but with hard cover |
| How does encapsulation work? | 1)The paper product is laid between two sheets of clear plastic 2)this sandwich is then inserted into the laminating machine which heats the plastic and seals in the paper 3)Things like brochures and menus can be laminated on 1/both sides using gloss/matt laminate. |
| Name 4 types of graph and what they are used for. | 1) BAR CHARTS-easy to compare results (numbers) 2) PICTOGRAPHS- use symbols in a chart to make info more interesting 3) PIE CHARTS- show proportions to compare sizes of different categories 4) LINE GRAPHS- used for continuous data |
| What are barcodes? | Unique lines with different thicknesses that can be read by a scanner to identify products. This is done to control stock levels and re-ordering. |
| What are ideograms? | Simplified pictures used to represent objects and ideas. |
| Give 5 examples of moral implications companies need to think about. | 1) whether using the product might harm people/the environment (toxic inks) 2) whether the manufacture of the product harms people (working conditions) 3) whether the manufacture of the product harms the product (wasting material) 4) whether recycling materials could be used in manufacture 5) whether biodegradable/recyclable materials could be used |
| Give the 5 main functions of packaging. | 1) Protection during transport 2) Storage 3) Display 4) Security 5) Product information |
| What are trademarks? | Symbols, logos, words or slogans that are used to represent companies- other companies cant copy them. -shown by 'TM' -registered trademark shown by 'R' in circle |
| What are patents? | They protect a new invention that could have an 'industrial application'. Only the designer has the right to have the product manufactured unless they sell the patent. Patents last for up to 20 years. |
| What is the copyright law? | Protects written, drawn and recorded work (e.g.books, comics, art, music +radio broadcasts) -shown by 'C' in circle For books, it last for 70 years. |
| What is registered design? | Protects a new design's shape and appearance (e.g. car body shape/mobile phone casing) this stops other people from copying the design-lasts for up to 25 years and protected throughout the EU |
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