7959941
Description
Flashcards by Natasha Gidluck, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Natasha Gidluck
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Homeostasis | Maintaining balance in an internal environment |
| Stimulas | The change in the environment |
| Receptors | The parts of an organism that sense the change in an environment (senses) |
| Control Centre | The part of the body that realizes what the stimuli will do to the body (brain) |
| Effector | The part of the body that sends a message so that the body will respond to the stimulus |
| Responder | The part of the body that responds to the stimulus using negative feedback in order to maintain homeostasis |
| Negative Feedback | To go against a change in an environment using the steps known as receptor, control centre, effector and responder. |
| Positive Feedback | The opposite of negative feedback where the response of the body is to go with the stimulus. |
| Urinary System | Meant to maintain homeostasis of water, salts, urea and some vitamins. |
| Urea | Made from the toxic ammonia into this common less toxic substance that makes up most of the urine |
| Kidneys | Filter blood so that substances can be removed and reused and waste can be excreted from the body. |
| Renal Vein | Takes blood from the kidney to the heart. |
| Renal Artery | Takes blood into the kidney |
| Ureter | Transports urine from the kidneys into the bladder |
| Bladder | Stores the urine until it is ready for excretion |
| Urethra | The passage where urine exits the body |
| Urinary Sphincter | Controls the exit of the urine from the bladder and into the urethra |
| Cortex | The outer portion of the kidney |
| Medulla | The inner portion of the kidney |
| Renal Pelvis | The middle of the kidney filled with a fatty substance to hold different parts together |
| Nephron | A small structure inside the kidney that filters, reabsorbs and secretes filtrate from the bloodstream |
| Glomerulus | The first part of the nephron where substances are filtered and only small molecules pass the high pressure area |
| Bowman's Capsule | Surrounds the glomerulus and takes the filtrate into the proximal tubule. Has a wrench shape |
| Proximal Tubule | Where the first reabsorption occurs and water, glucose, ions, and acids go back in the bloodstream through active transport to be re-used |
| Loop of Henle | The descending loop reabsorbs water through osmosis as the environment gets saltier. The ascending loop is impermeable to water and reabsorbs ion such as Na+ and Cl- |
| Distal Tubule | Is where secretion starts in the nephron and even more substances get reabsorbed into the bloodstream. The first place where concentrated urine passes through |
| Collecting Duct | Where the concentrated urine is gathered and water is sometimes reabsorbed, depending on the hydration of the organism |
| ADH | Antidiuretic Hormone controls whether water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream if the body is dehydrated. It creates more concentrated urine |
| Aldosterone | Connects to blood pressure and influences sodium reabsorption in the bloodstream. Results in a higher blood pressure and hydration as a result of attempting to maintain homeostasis |
| Kidney Dialysis | When someone has an artificial kidney made from tubing that filters out substances and reabsorbs them like a normal kidney with the use of dialysis fluid |
| Muscles | Effectors which allow movement to be carried out. The 3 types include Cardiac, Skeletal, and Smooth |
| Cardiac Muscle | Is specific to the heart and has many nuclei, it is unique in that it never stops its movement and continues to contract and relax |
| Smooth Muscle | Used to line cell walls like the small intestine and has one nucleus. Involuntary movement |
| Skeletal Muscle | Common muscle like your biceps or triceps, work in pairs and need voluntary control |
| Antagonistic | Means that muscle need to do the opposite of each other or go against each other. They can only pull, not push, which explains why each skeletal muscle works in a pair |
| Flexor | The muscle that bends the joint |
| Extensor | The muscle that straightens the joint |
| Actin | A thin filament protein that is controlled by the brain and contains tropomyosin. Looks like two strings of beads loosely wound together |
| Myosin | A thick filament protein that have small heads that grab onto the actin protein when contracting. Looks like a double sided golf club |
| Sarcomere | The complex made of the actin and myosin proteins and the Z-line |
| Myofibril | A bundle that contains many bunches of sarcomere |
| Sliding Filament Theory | When the muscle contracts, the sarcomeres get smaller but do not change in length. They overlap and on relaxation the actin slides on top of the myosin. |
| Tropomyosin | A long rope like protein that is attached to actin and covers the bonding sites where myosin heads attach |
| Troponin | A protein that bonds with a calcium ion to move tropomyosin out of the way, allowing myosin heads to bind to the actin protein strand |
| Atrophy | When the muscles fall into disuse and get noticeably smaller and weaker, sometimes resulting in paralysis. |
| HyperAtrophy | When the muscles are worked regularly and many myofibrils slowly get bigger, creating slightly larger cells that eventually result in bigger muscles. |
| Muscle Twitch | A small contraction that needs little power |
| Latent | When the muscle is at rest |
| Summation | Many small muscle twitches that increase in power until tetanus is achieved |
| Tetanus | The maximum power of a muscle achieved after summation |
| Fast Twitch Muscles | Mainly anaerobic muscles that are bulkier and lose energy faster over a period of time |
| Slow Twitch Muscles | Mainly aerobic muscles that are less bulky and have high endurance |
| Respiratory System | The purpose is to provide oxygen for the cells in the body, thus causing cellular respiration and the creation of ATP and energy. Uses the nasal passageways, pharynx, epiglottis, glottis, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli |
| The 4 Stages of Respiration | Breathing (exchanges gases with internal and external environments), External Respiration (CO2 and oxygen exchange in lungs and bloodstream), Internal Respiration (Exchange between blood stream and tissue cells), Cellular Respiration (Combines glucose and oxygen to create ATP, carbon dioxide, and water) |
| Nasal Passage | Lined with cells, hairs, and mucus that trap and contain dirt and impurities in the air. This stage moistens, warms, and cleans air before it enters the body |
| Pharynx | Also called the throat, it is the broader passageway that lets air and food pass into the body through separate tubes |
| Epiglottis | Flap that prevents food from going into the trachea |
| Glottis | The opening from the pharynx to the larynx |
| Larynx | Made up of cartilage and contains the vocal chords that vibrate when the air tighten the muscles around each chord |
| Trachea | Wind-pipe gets its strength from cartilage rings that prevent it from collapsing. It sometimes becomes blocked by accidental food which results in choking |
| Lungs | The right lung is heavier and has 3 folds while the left has two due to its closeness to the heart. Each lung is surrounded by the pleural membrane |
| Pleural Membrane | Is on both the outside and inside of the lungs to keep them connected to the movement of the body and to prevent possible collapse |
| Bronchi | Stem from the trachea and into the lungs, still made with cartilage rings that support and lined with cilia and mucus to trap any undesirable substances |
| Bronchioles | Many stem from the two bronchi and have ailing the same structure but with less and less cartilage. Move down the lung in rootlike patterns and lead to the alveoli |
| Alveoli | Small air sacs grouped in grade shaped clusters. Where the exchange of gases take place and allows oxygen into the bloodstream through the capillary network that surrounds each one |
| Diaphragm | Is a dome-shaped structure that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity |
| Intercostal Muscle | Is found between the ribs and help form and move the chest wall |
| Air Pressure (Breathing) | External environment has a high air pressure and the internal environment (body) has a low air pressure. The pressure inside your body lowers when you inhale and increases when you exhale |
| Rib Muscles (Breathing) | When you inhale the ribcage moves upward and outward, when you exhale it moves back down and inward |
| Diaphragm (Breathing) | During inhalation the muscle contracts and moves down, flattening out. Exhalation causes it to move up into its original position |
| Volume in Chest Cavity (Breathing) | The volume increases when you inhale and decreases when you exhale |
| Spirograph | A graph showing the movement of breathing, including the following areas: Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, and residual volume |
| Tidal Volume | Volume of air taken up in your lungs when you breathe normally without strain or difficulty (without exercise) |
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume | Additional volume in the lungs used when you inhale deeper than usual |
| Expiratory Reserve Volume | Additional volume in the lungs used when you exhale deeper then usual |
| Vital Capacity | Total volume of gas that can be moved in and out of the lungs including the tidal, inspiratory, and expiratory volumes |
| Residual Volume | The space in the lungs that contain gas that is never moved out of the lungs or respiratory system. Prevents the collapse of the lungs |
| External Respiration | Takes place in the lungs and exchanges gas between alveoli and the capillary network. Does this through diffusion and facilitated diffusion |
| Internal Respiration | Takes place in the blood and exchanges gases between the blood plasma and alveoli. Does this through the use of hemoglobin, diffusion, and dissolving carbon dioxide after forming bicarbonate |
| Concentration Gradient | Going from high to low pressure or concentration |
| Cilia and Mucus Cells | Work to clean air as it goes through the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles |
| Collapsed Lung | When the alveoli in the lung deflate and the membranes stick together, making it difficult or impossible to breath. Can occur from a number of different reasons |
| Chemoreceptors | They send a message to the medulla of the brain if the pH of the blood is too high, due to CO2. This forces the body to take a breath and is why mammals cannot hold their breath for long |
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