8128992
Description
Flashcards by Toska Sadiku, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Toska Sadiku
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Explain why it is difficult to develop drugs to kill viruses. | It is difficult to ensure that the drug will specifically target the virus, and not simultaneously cause damage to the body's cells. |
| Other than an antibiotic, name a type of drug that could be used to ease the symptoms of an infection. | Painkiller |
| Explain why painkillers are not able to cure infections. | Painkillers are only a means of lessening the pain caused by symptoms. It does not actually kill any of the pathogen causing the infection. |
| What is meant by antibiotic resistant bacteria? | In a large population of bacteria, there may be some that are not affected by the antibiotic. These survive and reproduce, creating more bacteria that are not affected by the antibiotic. |
| List three things drugs must be tested for, to ensure they are safe and effective. | 1. Toxicity - Must not be toxic or have unacceptable side effects for the patient 2. Efficacy - MHow effective a drug is 3. Dosage - The strength of the drug that should be administered 4. Stability - Drug must be available for use under normal conditions and should be able to be stored for some time |
| Who/What is preclinical testing carried out on? | Cells, tissues and live animals |
| What is a double-blind trial? | Volunteers are put into two groups at random. One group of volunteers, called the test group, receives the new drug. Another, the control group, receives the existing drug for that illness. If there is no existing treatment, the control group is given a fake drug that has no effect on the body. This is called a placebo. The volunteers do not know which group they are in, and neither do the researchers, until the end of the trial. The researchers look for differences between the experimental group and the control group. |
| Why are double-blind trials important and useful? | It is important that the results of clinical trials are not influenced by the expectations of the people involved. This removes the chance of bias and makes the results more reliable. |
| Why are very low doses of the drug given at the start of clinical trials? | This is to ensure that if any unpleasant side-effects do occur, they will be less powerful and not as painful. |
| The final results of clinical trials cannot be published until they have been checked by other scientists. Why is peer review important in these trials. | Peer review provides different points of view from other scientists, who may be able to spot any errors made, or give examples of what could be done to further test the drug. |
| Why is it important that the scientists who carry out the peer review have no links to the people who carries out the original trials? | This means that the scientists who peer review the trials will not be biased. They will be able to give an unprejudiced, honest evaluation. |
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