Flashcards
The Cell
Cards in this deck (26)
- 1The CellAll Organisms are made up of cells
Carry out vital processes and are adapted for different tasks
Humans are multi-cellular - 2Nucleus- Highly specialised organelle
- Information and administrative centre
- Stores DNA
-Coordinates cell growth, protein synthesis and cell division - 3Cell/Plasma membrane- Holds cell contents
- Protects
- Regulates transport- partially permeable
- Cell recognition
- Fluid mosaic model- bi-layer of phospholipid - 4Cytoplasm-Gelatinous, semi-transparent fluid
- Where metabolic reactions occur
- Mainly water with solutes- glucose
- Contains vital cellular chemicals- Amino acids and ATP - 5MitochondrionPower house of cell
- Outer and Inner membranes
- Cristae- folded inner membrane for maximum surface area for chemical reactions
- Cellular aerobic respiration
- Occur in varying numbers depending on activity - 6Golgi Apparartus- Composed of flattened sacs of cisternae
- Pinch off smaller membraneous sacs called vesicles
- Transport materials e.g. Lipids
- Produce glycoproteins e.g. mucin for secretions
- Produce enzymes e.g. digestive enzymes
- Secrete carbohydrates for cell wall production - 7Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)- Series of flattened sheets that enclose cisternae
- Covered in ribosomes
- Protein synthesis
- Large surface area for chemical reactions
- Produce proteins/enzymes
- Collect and store material - 8Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)- No ribosomes
- Lipid and steroid synthesis
- Large amounts in cells that secrete steroids e.g. adrenal cortex
- Enzymes to detoxify chemicals e.g. alcohol - 9Lysosomes- Membrane bound
- Degrades proteins and membranes in cell
- Degrades materials ingested by cell
- Kept inactive by alkaline environment
- Abundant in leucocytes that have a phagocytic activity - 10Microfilaments- Fine, thread like fibres
- Actin and Myosin fibres contract and aid motility
- Provide structure and support
- Carries out cellular movements - 11Microtubules- Larger fibres
- composed of Tubulin
- Determine cells shape 'scaffold'
- Intracellular movements
- Forms spindle for mitosis
- Cell division - 12Peroxisome- Microbodies- group of vesicles
- Oxidative enzymes e.g. catalase
- Breakdown of fatty acids
- Delay cell ageing - 13Cell Division Mitosis- Cell duplicates to generate identical daughter cells
- Each contain 46 chromosomes
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase - 14Cell division Meiosis- Reproductive cells- gametes
- Ova and Spermatozoa
- After division 23 chromosomes in each daughter cell
- when Ovum is fertilised the zygote has a complete 46 chromosomes - 15Cell Transport DiffusionSubstance that moves from an area of high concentration to and area of low concentration
- Rate is variable - 16Cell Transport OsmosisMovement of solvent molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration over a partially permeable membrane
- 17Active Transport- Energy needed for transportation- ATP
- Against a concentration gradient from and area of low concentration to an area of high - 18Phagocytosis- Process by which a cell can obtain particles which are too large for diffusion or active transport
- 19Pinocytosis'Cell Drinking'
- Vesicles produced are called pinocytotic vesicles
- intake of liquids
- Endocytosis- substances are taken in
- Exocytosis- substances are taken out - 20Abnormal cell growth Hypoplasia- Incomplete development of tissues or organ
- Inadequate number of cells
- Congenital condition - 21Abnormal cell growth Hyperplasia- Constant cell division
Possible causes-
- Inflammation
- Hormones
- Compensation for damage - 22Abnormal cell growth Atrophy- Partial/complete wasting of body
- cells are too small
- poor nourishment
- poor circulation
- loss of hormonal support
- loss of nerve supply - 23Abnormal cell growth Hypertrophy- Enlargement of cells
- Increase in volume of an organ or tissue
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia often occur together - 24Abnormal cell growth Metaplasia- Due to smoking
- One type of cell transforms to another in order to survive new environment
- Abnormal stimulus
- When stimulus ceases/is removed the tissue returns to normal - 25Abnormal cell growth Dysplasia- Abnormality in maturation of cells within tissue
- Expansion of immature cells
- Decrease in number of mature cells - 26Abnormal cell growth Neoplasia- Abnormal production of cells
- Growth of cells is uncoordinated with normal tissues and usually causes a lump or tumour
- Can be benign, pre-malignant or malignant
Information
- Description
- The smallest functional unit in the body that carries out all vital processes
- Created by
- megan lane
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