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Description
Flashcards by Zoe Rossall, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Zoe Rossall
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What was the aftermath of the civil war for the communists? | Strengthened Mao's position Showed that they were capable of managing both urban and rural problems Extended areas of comm control Non-comms were accepting |
| What was the impact of the civil war on China's industry, agriculture and infrastrucutre? | food production 30% lower than pre war 20% urban pop relied on surpluses from rural areas Industrial production at 25% pre-war level Inflation stood at 1000% Henan province famine killed 2-3mill |
| What was the long term state of China's industry, agriculture and infrastructure? | Not yet experienced an industrial revolution only 2 provinces had transport and communication systems, first radio 49 farming methos were basic and labour intensive only 15% land was cultivatable 1945 70% industry was state-owned population rapidly growing i.e. 541-587mill 49-53 |
| How was the comm party organised? | Collective leadership supposedly, hard to oppose Mao Limited to those who could prove commitment: 500mill pop only 4.5mill members Leading CCP officials held key roles |
| What was the role of the PLA? | Acted as means of indoctrination and control 1950 world's largest army: 5mill+ men consumed 40% state budget 1957 reduced to 2.5 mill |
| Describe the bureaucracy | Bureaucrats grew 720,000 to 8mill 49-59 China's six regions split into 21 provinces, 5 autonomous border regions and 2 urban centres power distributed to CPPCC, National people's congress and state council |
| What were Mao's main ideas? | Nationalism Continuous revolution listening to people mass mobilisation |
| Describe the growth of democratic centralisation | 'Democratic' part theoretical: decisons controlled by CCP 'Centralism' aspect: decisions made by senior officials and role of gov to work out what was best |
| Outline the three antis movement | Launched at the end of 1951 following the arrest of 2 CCP officials Designed to 'clean up' comm party small scale embezzlement: flies larger crimed: tigers end of 52: 100,000 'tigers' executed |
| Outline the five antis movement | Launched Jan 52 'five' antis were: bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property, fraud, economic espionage 1% shot, 1% labour camps, 3%jailed, remaining fined |
| How was terror used by the comms? | Labelling was used to categorise people into 'good' and 'bad' classes Workers assigned to work units Crime crackdown- 150,000 'nuisances' arresed and removed from cities 'The Great Terror' 716,000-2mill killed |
| Describe the reunification campaigns | 49-50 Xinjiang, Tibet and Guandong targeted X: became security buffer zone T: invasion Oct 1950 after being independent since 1913, came under Chinese control May 51 due to poor defece G: GMD heartland end of CW, PLA took over 2 weeks after PRC declared |
| The Laogai system | Camps meant for re-education 9/10 inmates were political prisoners 1953 2mill prisoners, 1955 300,000 more V.poor conditions i.e. sleep deprivation, 49-76 25mill deaths and extreme violence cAMPS contributed 7000mill yuan and 350,000 tonnes grain |
| The Hundered flowers campaign | Mao called for debate 56 following success of 15YP Critics slow to surface and so Mao cotinued to urge debate e.g. through the People's Daily paper Following suggestions, Mao turned and critics branded as rightists Tightened Mao's control |
| How did the Korean War enhance CCP control? | Used to promote national unity i.e. huge anti-USA propaganda campaigns 52 Mao launched Great Terror Oct 1950 when PLA went to North Korea Pressured people into donating |
| How did the Korean War enhance international prestige? | Fought to defend Communism- seen as more powerful than Russia Armies looked strong as withheld those of USA H/ever USA became enemy e.g. refused admission to UN and realised been misled by Stalin |
| What were the human costs of the Korean War? | Estimated 1mill lives lost - sim scale to Britain in WW1 Deaths mostly of conscripts (volunteers) deaths not important to Mao |
| What were the financial costs of the Korean War? | Economy refocused to sustsain 3 years of war 1951 over 50% gov spending on military first half 1951 30% fall in foreign trade Had to pay for Soviet expertise sacrificed China's own industrial growth |
| Describe the attacks on landlordism | Villagers were labelled (landlord--> labourer) 1950 Agrarian reform law aimed to eradicate exploitation of peasants Villagers carried out killings: power end of 51: 10mill landlords lost land, 40% land changed hands, 700,000-3mill deaths |
| What were the steps towards agricultural co-operation? | Moved towards collectivisation 1951: groupsof 10 families formed MAT's pooled labour equipment+animals, retained rights of private ownership, those who didn't join risked persecution 1952: groups of 40-50 families formed APC's land was pooled together, profits shared at end of year, larger holding families able to keep some land |
| What were the steps towards enforced collectivisation? | most APCs 200-300 households, only 14% households in APCs March 55 Jan 55 formation of APCs halted for 18months July 55 collectivisation enforced 17-75mill households in APCs Jul55-Jan56 State owned production of food+land 90% population |
| What were Mao's reasons for launching the communes? | To maximise food production: pool larger resources of equipmrnt snd increase efficiency To continue revolution: would mobilise 600 people |
| How were the communes organised? | Consisted of 9000+ households Once in commune, not possible to move production of food and industry given equal priority |
| What was communal living like? | Peasants all ate together and slept together Local services i.e. education, public health and creches provided Competetive edge meant workers only meant to have 6 hours sleep every 2 days |
| How was private farming abolished? | Joining system was compolsury and made to surrender all private property once joined Theoretically no need for personal possessions Lack of rewards led to a lack of incentive |
| What were the causes of The Great Famine? | climate of fear, adverse weather conditions, demotivated peasants, experts purged in anti-rightist campaign, application of Lysenkoism |
| What was the impact of the Great Famine? | Humans resorted to prostitution, cannibalism and people selling Estimated 30-50 mill deaths most serious in rural areas e.g. in Tibet where 25% pop was killed Worst famine of 20th century |
| What were the emergency actions taken? | Mao reisgned as chairman of CCP, Liu+ Deng given control 1962 1961 grain exports from Canada, Australia and USA Communes split into smaller collecitves and then abolished |
| What were the First Five Year Plan's targets? | To make the PRC self-sufficient To channel resources into heavy industry and away from consumer goods Bring and end to private ownsership Keep wages and food prices low |
| Why was the Soviet Model used? | Had enabled Stalin to defeat Nazi Germany Russia was an inspriation to China Could not access help from the West |
| What was the nature of the support from Russia? | Loan of $300mill to be repayed with interest 10,000 civillian technicians sent over- high salaries to be paid by the Chinese Influence over Chinese culture e.g. education and architecture |
| What were the plan's successes? | Economic growth of 9% per year Urban living improved due to job security and higher wages Urban pop grew 57-100mill most sectors reached targets: Steel 130%, Coal 115%, Cement 115% |
| What were the plan's failures? | Soviet guidance highlighted poor education e.g. 1956 less than half under 16's in school Targets emphaises quantity not quality Rural conditions deteriorated: food exported to Russia or cities + Lysenkoism |
| What were Mao's reasons for launching the GLF? | PERSONAL: was highly confident, collectivisation had been achieved and 58 provincial tour succesful POLITICAL: to show Soviet Union China could act independently demonstrate cresidentials as world leader IDEOLOGICAL: mass peasant mobilisation |
| Describe State-Owned Enterprises | All businesses were nationalised The state set prices, targets and wages Workers were guaranteed jobs, wages, education/health benefits Removed incentives to work harder and was inefficient |
| How was the plan structured? | DECENTRALISATION: move to decentralise economic activity, more freedom to local cadres BACKYARD FURNACES: 25% pop abandoned other activities to work on these Aimed to produce as much steel as poss i.e.57-61 aims to quadruple Sep-Oct 58 % of steel from scheme rose 14-49 |
| What were the plans successes? | Raw material output increased e.g. steel 5.4-10mill |
| What were the plans failures? | 1962 output: half heavy good and 75% light goods of 58 output targets quantity not quality steel realised to be pig iron Ecological consequences i.e. soil erosion + flooding BYF drain on food production |
| Lushan Conference 1959 | Called to asses GLF Only Peng Duhai stood up and was purged Showed no-one could speak against Mao China continued GLF with force |
| Outline the Third Five Year Plan | Liu+ Deng were put in charge --> pragmatic approach Communes shut down and more realistic targets announced Shift back to centralised control--> prodcution back at 57 level Relaxed persecution of failure to meet targets etc |
| Why were there divisions within the CCP? | 35YP was seen as a more pragmatic approach, Liu+ Deng labelled as 'capitalist roaders' Socialist Education Movement 63: chance to get back at pragmatics Divide became apparent at 7000 cadre conference Jan 62 |
| Why was Mao so keen on permanent revolution? | Mass mobilisation imporant as those who helped to make changes would fight to defend them Feared a drift into revisionism Young people yet to experience revolutionary struggle i.e antis campaigns 15 years prior Socialist Education Movement 63 a way to regenerate revoltuonary drive |
| Why were there attacks on the bureaucracy? | Mao feared new people in bureaucracy were only motivated by priveleges of power+ would lose touch with masses Urban intellectuals critical of GLF- act of revenge Mao wanted peasants at centre of rev |
| Conflict between Mao's supporters and opponents | Main supporters: Lin Biao, Jiang Qing, Chen Boda, Jang Sheng (Gang of Four/ CR group) Main opponents: Liu Shaoqui, Chen Yun, Deng XIapoing, Bo Yibo Liu Shaoqui removed from post as chosen succesor 1962 CR a way to attack opponents |
| Why did Mao have/want to have a hold on young people? | To ensure long term survivial of comm party, mass rallies made young feel important 1966 carrying copy of LRB made necessary Eager to join party to prove devotion to Mao- especially those who did not have party links |
| Describe the mass rallies of 1966? | 1st- 18th August 66 (first of eight) 1mill Red Guards present Lin Biao instructed attacks on four olds Identified targets and ensured sense of solidarity PLA helped to transport between provinces + Beijing (highlighted their organisation) |
| Describe the attacks on the 'Four Olds' | Culture, customs, habits, ideas Shop+street names were changed, houses raided for bourgeois possesions, Western influences targeted, Religion+ 'old' Public worship banned and temples attacked Fam units destroyed 7mill+ books destoyed |
| Describe the growth of anarchy and terror | Few restrictions on what the RG could do, splits amongst them emerged Jan Storm 67 Attacks became more systematic and names of 'bad' classes given to RG 500,000-2mill estimated deaths, Beijing Aug-Sep-1800 lives, GoF accused of 1/2mill deaths, Babaoshan crematorium disposed of 2000 bodies in a 2 week period alone |
| Describe cultural destruction | Deemed as one of 'four olds' RG destroyed 2/3 of 7000 culturally important places- broke into 100,000 homes Attack on Confucius town of Qufu lasted 4 weeks- books, paintings, graves + monuments attacked |
| How was Liu Shaoqui attacked? | Accused of taking 'capitalist road' and being overly pragmatic OCT 66 dismissed from gov position- wall posters portrayed as betrayers Dragged from house+ beaten, forced into struggle sessions and imprisoned in poor conditions, denied pneumonia treatment and died 68 |
| How was Deng Xiaping attacked? | Accusedof being too pragmatic+independant Oct 66 dismissed from gov position Subject to public humiliation and sent to perform corrective labour in tractor factory son paralysed by red guards Survived + reinstated in party 1973 |
| How was Lin Biao attacked? | Replaced Liu as designated succesor 69 Mao feared his popularity and began to undermine him i.e. attacking Chen Boda Rumours Lin+son trying to seize power and assasinate Mao Plane crashed as they tried to escape |
| How was Zhou Enlai attacked? | Premier of PRC and foreign minister Spoke+ acted out against CR Managed to avoid being purged by also demonstrating loyalty e.g. telling Mao about Lin's plans Died of cancer 76 and was refused treatment |
| Describe the attacks on capitalist roaders? | Label used to justify enemy attacks CCRG developed 'cleansing of class ranks' campaign cuusing 100,000 deaths Attacks largely focued in Urban Areas- Ind production down by 13% Not exclusive to Chinese i.e 67 RG attacked British Embassy |
| Describe the purging of CCP membership? | Highest ranking members mostly targeted: 2/3 Central Committee purged, only 9/23 Politburo members held onto positions, 4/6 regional party secretaries purged PLA got larger infuence in party e.g. 25/29 first secretaries lost jobs to PLA officers At Local level: 20% party officials purged and 3mill cadres sent to cadre schools |
| How did the comms get rid of foot binding? | Procedure that restricted foot growth to 3 inches- sign of beauty + restricted movement Challenged in 19th century and outlawed in 1911 but comms completely banned when came to power Book: WIld Swans highlights brutality |
| What did the 1950 Marriage Law do? | Changed basis of marriage from contractual arrangement to something entered into freely Mao had been opposed to arranged marriages from young age e.g. refused to enter one when 14 THE LAW: women had right to own property, right to divorce was available on equal terms, outlawed arranged marriages and dowries |
| What was the impact of collectivisation and the communes on womens lives? | THEORETICAL BENEFITS: canteens+creches should have freed women from domestic chores Access to same jobs as men NEGATIVE IMPACTS: earned fewer work points as not able to as strenuous jobs, men had priority of food during famine, divorce rate rose 60% during famine, took away their right to own land |
| How did women and the family unit change? | Mao wanted to destroy family life as represented confucian values Men+ women had seperate quarters in communes Old+ young suffered mostly during famines, old unable t work and young left without mothers THE CR: children more loyal to party, loss of children when RG sent to countrysides POP POLICY: 62 contraceptives made widely available, female cadres encouraages restricting no.children, 1971 policy reduced birth rate to 2% |
| How far did the role of women change? | 49-76 women in workforce quadrupled Greater opp for higher education Same pay rates Fewer arranged marriages and 1950-51 1mill+ divorces |
| How far did the role of women continue? | Power of parents over marriage was replaced by power of the state Career progression was limited by male dominance and only 1/3 of workforce |
| Why did opposition to changing of traditional views occur? | Resistance in Muslim Provinces as arranged marriage was part of culture High male resistance to marriage law + propaganda campaigns produced to encourage 1950 Women had never been part of field work before + were less well trained |
| How did literacy in China grow? | mid 1950s: national system of primary education established- literacy rate rose 20-64% 49-64 CR slowed progress only up to 70% 76 Lack of investment in education 1952 only 6.4% budget, 1956 less than half of 7-16yr olds in education Expansion of higher education: students to Russian unis, no longer opp to study |
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