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pamod2unit8morepunctuation

A M PA English 59 cards

Cards in this deck (59)

  1. 1What is an appositive expression? Give an example.An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. 1) Use commas on both sides of an appositive expression: word or words used to further explain.
    Example: Where were you on Thursday, September 8, at 4 a.m.?
  2. 2What is a dependent "that" clause?Use only commas in dependent “that” clauses. Example: I know that he was there, that he had arrived in a blue car, that his mom was with him, and that he had a gun.
  3. 3Use the semicolon instead of making two separate sentences.Use a semicolon when there is no conjunction between two closely related sentences whose meanings would be more clear if they were read as a unit. Use the semicolon instead of making two separate sentences.
    Example: Juan was at his father’s house; his wife was out shopping.
  4. 4When would you use a semicolon?1) Use a semicolon when there is no conjunction between two closely related sentences whose meanings would be more clear if they were read as a unit. Use the semicolon instead of making two separate sentences.
    Example: Juan was at his father’s house; his wife was out shopping.
    2) Use semicolons before a question that asks for verification of a statement.
    Example: You refused transportation to the hospital; correct?/is that correct?
    Note: While the semicolon is actually “more correct” in the context of transcripts, you will see reporters that use commas instead. Because use of a comma doesn’t usually affect the sense of the question, both are acceptable, as long as the reporter is consistent, and doesn’t use a semicolon sometimes and a comma other times. Be cautious about pointing out little things like this to your clients. They want you to help them look good, not have you nit-pick the little things.
  5. 5Use an apostrophe on possessives when not followed bya noun: add the punctuation as if the noun existed.Example: We went to my parents’. (House is inferred)
  6. 6Don’t use an apostrophe in plurals ofnumbers and symbols.
    Example: Yeah, I will always remember the 1960s.
    BUT — use an apostrophe to show omission in numbers.
    Example: I will always remember the ‘60s. (NOT 60’s)
  7. 7Apostrophe usage: Don’t confuse adjectives withpossessives. Example: The sales meeting was held yesterday.
    NOT The sales’ meeting was held yesterday.
  8. 8Official names: Use an apostrophe only if4) Official names: Use an apostrophe only if the official name includes one.
    Example: The National Court Reporters Association met. (Not Reporters’)
  9. 9Don’t use an apostrophe to pluralize letters unlessthey are lowercase (her t’s are crossed) or are capable of being misread (she got all A’s on her report card). As is a word, so pluralizing a capital “A” requires an apostrophe in order to prevent it from being misread as “As.” The letter “I” follows the same rule.
    Example: How many r’s are there in “abhorrent”?
    Example: She got four Cs and two Bs.
  10. 10When do you use hyphens?Hyphenate a compound adjective before a noun. THEY ARE NOT USED FOR ANYTHING ELSE. Do not use hyphens in place of dashes.
    Examples:
    It was a five-year loan.
    Let’s take a 15-minute break.
  11. 11The em dash is used whena speaker has had an abrupt change of thought in his speech.
    1) Use an em dash to indicate an interruption of a speaker by another speaker.
    Example: A. I was driving in the right lane, and —
    Q. Please answer the question, sir.
    2) Use a dash when a speaker interrupts himself/herself and finishes the sentence with the new thought.
    Example: We were going to the park — the beach that weekend.
    3) If the speaker resumes his original thought, use a pair of dashes.
    Example: A We have been together nine years — well, I could be wrong — and we have no children.
  12. 12USING NUMBERS Numbers one to ten should bespelled out in words; numbers larger than ten should be expressed in figures, with the following exceptions:
    1. Amounts of money: always in figures such as $25; 3 cents; $4,200.70.
    2. Percents: always in figures such as 2 percent; 300 percent.
    3. Measurements: always in figures such as 4 feet; 12 gallons; 5 degrees.
    ***4. Beginning a sentence:**** always in words such as “Forty-five women were there.” This applies to Nos. 1-3 above!
    INCORRECT: 4 feet away, I saw a dog. –> FOUR
    5. After a noun: always in figures such as No. 5; Room 214; page 7.
    6. Dates: always in figures such as April 16, 1952; the 12th of March (or the twelfth of March).
    7. House numbers: always in figures, except One such as 34 East Fifth; One South 12th.
  13. 13QUOTATIONS Most reporters will do thistheir own way. The things you need to watch out for include missing quotations, where the reporter will begin a quote and then forget to put the end quote, and … well, to be honest, that’s about the only issue I run into on a regular basis!
    Whether or not they use quotations for certain words depends on two things:
    1) What their preference is
    2) Whether or not it helps the text make sense
    Don’t get too bent out of shape with quotation marks and how your clients use them. Focus on 2), and make sure the way they use it helps the job make sense. If adding in quotes aids in the readability of the job, indicate that quotes should be used. If the reporter used quotes, but you don’t agree with their use, yet the sense of the transcript is unaffected, don’t worry about it. We don’t get paid enough to spend time on little itty bitty things.
  14. 14But just so you’re familiar with quotations and related punctuation, here are a few things to keep an eye out for: Periods and commas goinside quotations marks; colons and semicolons go outside quotation marks. Always.
  15. 15But just so you’re familiar with quotations and related punctuation, here are a few things to keep an eye out for: Question marks can goinside or outside quotation marks, depending where the question is asked. Is the whole sentence a question with a quote inside? Put the quotation mark on the outside. Example: Did you hear him say, “I don’t care”? Is only the quoted portion a question? Put the question mark on the inside. Example: Are you sure he didn’t say, “Should I care?”A QUESTION MARK ALWAYS GOES WITH THE QUESTION THAT IT'S ATTACHED TO.
  16. 16But just so you’re familiar with quotations and related punctuation, here are a few things to keep an eye out for: When quoting the words of a person, precede the quote withprecede the quote with a comma. Example: He said, “I don’t like driving by myself.” When quoting a document or text, do not precede it with a comma. Example: The document said “The vehicle was traveling at about 55 miles per hour.”
  17. 17But just so you’re familiar with quotations and related punctuation, here are a few things to keep an eye out for: Always cap (words versus sentences)quoted sentences, but do not cap single quoted words.
  18. 18ABBREVIATIONS 1) For attorneys in transcripts (colloquy and by-lines),only MR. and MS. should be used. “MISS” or “MRS.” should not be used when referring to a party’s attorney. If attorneys address deponents or witnesses with Miss or Mrs., fine.
  19. 19ABBREVIATIONS 2) Esq. is the abbreviation ofEsquire, used to denote an attorney. “Attorney at Law” is sometimes used to denote female attorneys, since the origins of “Esquire” are masculine. Make sure the use of “Esq.” is consistent throughout the job; some reporters will have “ESQ.”; “Esq.”; and “Esquire” all in the same job! Also note that some agencies have preferences on whether or not Esquire is spelled out or abbreviated.
  20. 20SPACING There should betwo spaces between sentences in transcripts. In the practice transcripts, if you see the red stamp “spacing” it means the reporter either has too few or too many spaces. I also use this stamp if there are too many blank lines somewhere in the transcript. If this doesn’t make sense, wait until you get to the practice transcripts — it will be very clear.
  21. 214 most violated comma rulesRule 1: Use a comma to separate a list of three or more things,
    including the last two.
    Rule 2: Use a comma before the conjunctions - and, but, for, nor, yet, or, so -when they separate two independent clauses (pieces of a sentence that could stand alone as a complete thought).
    Rule 3: Use a comma to set off introductory elements. This is
    especially important with QUESTIONS in depositions or examinations
    under oath. e.g. When you got to the appointment, did you check in at the front desk?
    Rule 4: Use a comma to set off parenthetical elements. This rule gets
    broken quite a bit, as well. e.g. So the second doctor you went to, which I understand was a
    neurologist, sent you for an MRI?
  22. 22Use a comma before “please” whenit appears at the end of a
    sentence.
  23. 23Use a comma after “Yes” and “No” whenit’s used as an introductory
    element
  24. 24Use a comma before “not”when indicating contrast.
    e.g. The fire happened during the day, not at night.
  25. 25USING NUMBERS: Always in figures5. After a noun: always in figures such as No. 5; Room 214; page 7.
    6. Dates: always in figures such as April 16, 1952; the 12th of March (or the twelfth of March).
    7. House numbers: always in figures, except One such as 34 East Fifth; One South 12th.
  26. 26USING NUMBERS Numbers one to ten should bespelled out in words; numbers larger than ten should be expressed in figures, with the following exceptions:
    1. Amounts of money: always in figures such as $25; 3 cents; $4,200.70.
    2. Percents: always in figures such as 2 percent; 300 percent.
    3. Measurements: always in figures such as 4 feet; 12 gallons; 5 degrees.
    ***4. Beginning a sentence:**** always in words such as “Forty-five women were there.” This applies to Nos. 1-3 above!
    INCORRECT: 4 feet away, I saw a dog. –> FOUR
  27. 27Morsons 152: Hyphen two or more verbs thatform a single verb
    Would you like to cross-examine the witness, Counsel?
  28. 28Morson's 159, Note: If a number is vague and includes the word some, a hyphen is used whensome comes after the numerical expression.
    We've been together for 30-some years, but we never married.
  29. 29What's an example of open compound?continuing education
    Continuing education is an open compound, so it doesn't need a hyphen.
  30. 30Morson's 159: Figures from twenty-one to ninety-nine are hyphenated ifthey are spelled out at
    the beginning of a sentence.
  31. 31Morson's 155: Use a hyphen when an idea has one ending buttwo or more adjective choices preceding it.
    e.g. She was born either in 1996 or -7.
  32. 32When would you hyphenate the words part/full and time?This is not hyphenated after any form of the verb “to be.” So I am
    part time, but I work a part-time job.
  33. 33When would you hyphenate the words well and known?Morson's 148. This is not hyphenated after a verb. He is a well-known individual, but he is well known.
  34. 34Morson's 154: Use a hyphen with the prefixes ex and thenwhen they mean “former.”
    My ex-wife owes me some $8000.
  35. 35We took the nonstop Chicago-to-LA flight. Why is Chicago-to-LA hyphenated?Morson's 168 Note: Use a hyphen between two proper nouns that act as a one-thought modifier
  36. 36Morson's 176: Numbers referring to centuries arespelled out.
    That was nineteenth-century law.
  37. 37Mic'd: Morson's 130. This is the preferred form when a proper name, abbreviation, or letter is made intoa verb.
    He was mic'd up for the game.
  38. 38Independent clauses (UNC notes)An independent clause is a group of words that can stand on its own (independently)—it is a complete sentence.
    Semi-colons can be used between two independent clauses.
    Colons follow independent clauses (clauses that could stand alone as sentences) and can be used to present an explanation, draw attention to something, or join ideas together.
  39. 39How would you check for mistakes in colon usage? (UNC notes)Ask yourself a question: does the material preceding the colon stand on its own? One way to tell if the colon has been properly used is to look only at the words that come in front of the colon. Do they make a complete thought? If not, you may be using the colon improperly.
  40. 40When would you use a colon to join sentences? (UNC notes)You can use a colon to connect two sentences when the second sentence summarizes, sharpens, or explains the first. Both sentences should be complete, and their content should be very closely related. Note that if you use colons this way too often, it can break up the flow of your writing. So don’t get carried away with your colons!
    Example:
    Life is like a puzzle: half the fun is in trying to work it out.
  41. 41Comma usage: City and State - Use commas afterboth the city and state when used within a sentence.
    e.g. We drove from Baltimore, Maryland, to Cleveland, Ohio to visit my grandfather is incorrect. Comma after Ohio is missing.
  42. 42Is the punctuation correct? The idea was, I believe, a brilliant one Josh.Incorrect.
    Use a pair of commas to set off nonessential phrases and parenthetical expressions.
    Correct answer:
    The idea was, I believe, a brilliant one, Josh.
  43. 43Use a hyphen in fractions when they are used asadjectives. Don't do so when they are used as nouns.
    e.g. Queen Elizabeth II, who has ruled England for sixty-four years, has spent nearly three fourths of her life as a ruling monarch. (see CMOS for clarification)
  44. 44For punctuation of addresses, use commas to separatethe parts of addresses within sentences, but do not use a comma between the state and the ZIP Code.
    e.g. He is moving to 1687 East Brookshire Way, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17573.
  45. 45Is this punctuated correctly? I found the notes in the April 2010 issue.Yes.
    Commas are usually omitted when only the month and year are given.
  46. 46Capitalize the names of particular things such asmonuments, bridges, and documents. e.g.
    Death Valley National Monument
  47. 47Which are the common prefixes and what do you need to remember about them regarding hyphenation?Common prefixes such as anti, bi, mid, multi, non, post, pre, semi, and re are usually printed as one sold word with no hypehn.
  48. 48If the appositive is short and closely related to the noun it folows,omit the commas. e.g. My sister X is an excellent tennis player. (No commas flanking X)
  49. 49Capitalize the names of sections of the country, but do not capitalize when they refer only toa direction
    e.g. moved out West is correct.
    moved out west is incorrect.
  50. 50Only Y could (affect, effect) the change in the ruling.In this instance, "effect" is a verb meaning "to bring about something that did not previously exist," whereas "affect" as a verb means "to influence something that already exists."
  51. 51Do not capitalize the names of seasons unlessthey begin the sentence or are personified, such as in poetry.
    e.g. Y will be starting college in the fall - this is correct. vs the Fall.
  52. 52This sentence is punctuated correctly: The man playing second base is an excellent fielder.Yes.
    The phrase "playing third base" is an essential phrase and doesn't require commas.
  53. 53This sentence is punctuated correctly: He asked who had moved the chair.An indirect question ends with a period, not a question mark.
  54. 54Use a semicolon between independent clauses if you don't use a comma ANDa coordinating conjunction.
    e.g. Punishment brings wisdom; it is the healing art of wickedness.
  55. 55Capitalize the titles of prominent peoplebefore or after their name.
    e.g. Rick Perry, Governor or Governor Ricke Perry
  56. 56Governer or GovernorGovernor
  57. 57This sentence is correct: Was the concert for Friday night canceled?True.
  58. 58Do not capitalize earth, moon, and sun unlessthose names appear with other capitalized celestial bodies.
  59. 59—

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PA Flashcards on pamod2unit8morepunctuation, created by A M on 28/03/2017.
Created by
A M · Mar 2017
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Apr 6, 2018
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