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LS2 flashcards part 1

Sarah Summers Biology English 200 cards

Cards in this deck (200)

  1. 1A series of redox reactions in which light energy absorbed by chlorophyll is used to power the movement of electronsphotosynthetic electron transport chain
  2. 2In oxygenic photosynthesis, the electrons ultimately come from ___water
  3. 3In oxygenic photosynthesis, the terminal electron acceptor is ___NADP+
  4. 4The process in which carbon dioxide is reduced to synthesize carbohydrates, with ATP and NADPH as the energy sourcesCalvin cycle
  5. 5A highly folded membrane in the center of the chloroplast that contains light-collecting pigments and that is the site of the photosynthetic electron transport chainthylakoid membrane
  6. 6interlinked structures that form the thylakoid membranegrana
  7. 7a fluid-filled compartment enclosed by the thylakoid membrane; the interior of any tubelike structurelumen
  8. 8the region surrounding the thylakoid, where carbohydrate synthesis takes placestroma
  9. 93 main steps of Calvin cycle1. Carboxylation
    2. Reduction
    3. Regeneration
  10. 10The first step of the Calvin cycle, in which carbon dioxide absorbed from the air is added to a 5-carbon moleculecarboxylation
  11. 11A reaction in which a molecule gains electronreduction
  12. 12the third step of the Calvin cycle in which the 5-carbon molecule needed for carboxylation is producedregeneration
  13. 13The addition of CO2 to the 5-carbon compound, RuBP, is catalyzed by the enzyme rubiscocarboxylation
  14. 14NADPH transfers two electrons and one proton; inorganic phosphate is releasedreduction
  15. 153-carbon compounds are reorganized and combined to produce RuBPRegeneration
  16. 16The reducing agent used in the Calvin cycleNADPH
  17. 17A protein-pigment complex that absorbs light energy to drive redox reactions and thereby sets the photosynthetic electron transport chain in motionphotosystem
  18. 18specially configured chlorophyll molecules where light energy is converted into electron transportreaction center
  19. 19another name for the photosynthetic electron transport change, because of the shape of the overall energy trajectoryZ scheme
  20. 20Supplies electrons to the beginning of the electron transport chain; can pull electrons from water when loses an electronphotosystem II
  21. 21Energizes electrons with a second input of light energy so they have enough energy to reduce NADP+photosystem I
  22. 22part of the photosynthetic electron transport chain through which electrons pass between PSII and PSIcytochrome-b f complex (cyt)
  23. 23An alternative pathway for electrons during the Calvin cycle that increases the production of ATPcyclic electron transport
  24. 24A process in which rubisco acts as an oxygenate, resulting in a release of CO2 and a net loss of energyphotorespiration
  25. 25Plants with a mechanism that helps balance carbon dioxide gain and water loss by capturing carbon dioxide into 4-carbon organic acids at night, when transpiration rates are low, and then using it to supply the Calvin cycle during the day while stomata remain closedCAM plants
  26. 26A plant in which carbon dioxide is incorporated into 4-carbon organic acids that are then used to supply the Calvin cycleC4 plant
  27. 27A plant that does not use 4-carbon organic acids to supply the Calvin cycle with carbon dioxideC3 plant
  28. 28A type of connection between the plasma membranes of adjacent animal cells that permits materials to pass directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of anothergap junction
  29. 29connections between the plasma membranes of adjacent plant cells that permit molecules to pass directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of anotherplasmodesmata
  30. 30A collection of cells that work together to perform a specific functiontissue
  31. 31Two or more tissues that combine and function togetherorgan
  32. 32An internal protein scaffold in eukaryotes that helps cells to maintain their shape and serves as a network of tracks for the movement of substances within cellscytoskeleton
  33. 33a complex of proteins in the plasma membrane where a cell makes contact with another cell or the ECMcell junction
  34. 34A meshwork of proteins and polysaccharides outside the cell; the main constituent of connective tissueextracellular matrix
  35. 35A hollow, tubelike polymer of tubulin dimers that helps make up the cytoskeletonmicrotubule
  36. 36A helical polymer of actin monomers, present in various locations in the cytoplasm, that helps make up the cytoskeletonmicrofilament
  37. 37A polymer of proteins, which vary according to cell type, that combine to form strong, cable-like filaments that provide animal cells with mechanical strengthintermediate filament
  38. 38dimers (composed of an alpha and a beta) that assemble into microtubuletubulin
  39. 39a compact structure that is the microtubule organizing center for animal cellscentrosome
  40. 40A protein subunit that makes up microfilaments; used by both striated and smooth muscles to contract and generate forceactin
  41. 41cycles of shrinkage and growth in microtubulesdynamic instability
  42. 42any of various proteins that are involved in intracellular transport or cause muscle contraction by moving the actin microfilaments inside muscle cellsmotor protein
  43. 43a motor protein that transports cargo toward the plus end of microtubuleskinesin
  44. 44A motor protein that carries cargo away from the plasma membrane toward the minus end of microtubulesdynein
  45. 45a surface-cell protein that attaches cells to one another and to the ECMcell adhesion molecule
  46. 46a calcium-dependent adherence protein important in the adhesion of cells to other cellscadherin
  47. 47a transmembrane protein, present on the surface of virtually every animal cell, that enables cells to adhere to the ECMintegrin
  48. 48a beltlike junctional complex composed of cadherins that attaches a band of actin to the plasma membraneadherens junction
  49. 49a buttonlike point of adhesion that holds the plasma membranes of adjacent cells togetherdesmosome
  50. 50a type of desmosome in which integrins are the prominent cell adhesion moleculeshemidesmosome
  51. 51a junctional complex that establishes a seal between cells so that the only way a substance can travel from one side of a sheet of epithelial cells to the other is by moving through the cells by a cellular transport mechanismtight junction
  52. 52the source of a signaling moleculesignaling cell
  53. 53the carrier of information transmitted when the signaling molecule binds to a receptor; also referred to as a ligandsignaling molecule
  54. 54the molecule on the responding cell that binds to the signaling moleculereceptor protein
  55. 55The cell that receives information from the signaling moleculeresponding cell
  56. 56the turning on of a receptor, which often occurs when a signaling molecule binds to a receptor on a responding cellreceptor activation
  57. 57the process in which an extracellular molecule acts as a signal to activate a receptor, which transmits information through the cytoplasmsignal transduction
  58. 58a change in cellular behavior, such as activation of enzymes or genes, following a signalcellular response
  59. 59the stopping of a signaltermination
  60. 60signaling by molecules that travel through the bloodstreamendocrine signaling
  61. 61signaling by a molecule that travels a short distance to the nearest neighboring cell to bind to its receptor and deliver its messageparacrine signaling
  62. 62any one of a group of small, soluble molecules, usually the signal in paracrine signaling, that affect cell growth, cell division, and changes in gene expressiongrowth factor
  63. 63signaling between different parts of a cell; the signaling cell and the responding cell are one and the sameautocrine signaling
  64. 64An alternative name for a signaling molecule that binds with a receptor, usually a proteinligand
  65. 65the specific location on the receptor protein where a signaling molecule bindsligand-bonding site
  66. 66A receptor that couples to G proteins, which bind to the guanine nucleotides GTP and GDPG protein-coupled receptor
  67. 67A protein that binds to the guanine nucleotides GTP and GDPG protein
  68. 68A receptor that is an enzyme that adds a phosphate group to another moleculereceptor kinase
  69. 69an enzyme that removes a phosphate group from another moleculephosphatase
  70. 70cell-surface receptors that open and close, thereby altering the flow of ions across the plasma membraneion channels
  71. 71the tightness of the binding between the receptor and the signaling moleculebinding affinity
  72. 72the process by which cells of bacteria or archaeons dividebinary fission
  73. 73in eukaryotic cells, the division of the nucleus, in which the chromosomes are separated into two nucleimitosis
  74. 74In eukaryotic cells, the division of the cytoplasm into two separate cellscytokinesis
  75. 75the collective name for the steps that make up eukaryotic cell divisioncell cycle
  76. 76the stage of the cell cycle consisting go mitosis and cytokinesis in which the parent cell divides into two daughter cellsM phase
  77. 77The time between two successive M phasesinterphase
  78. 78The phase in interphase in which the entire DNA content of the nucleus is replicatedS phase
  79. 79The gap phase in which the size and protein content of the cell increase and specific regulatory proteins are made and activated in preparation for S-phase DNA synthesisG1 phase
  80. 80The gap phase in which the size and protein content of the cell increase in preparation for M-phase mitosis and cytokinesisG2 phase
  81. 81The gap phase in which cells pause in the cell cycle between M phase and S phase; may last for periods ranging from days to more than a yearG0 phase
  82. 82pairs of chromosomes, matching in size and appearance, that carry the same set of genes; one of each pair was received from the mother, the other from the fatherhomologous chromosomes
  83. 83any of the chromosomes associated with sexsex chromosome
  84. 84describes a cell with one complete set of chromosomeshaploid
  85. 85describes a cell with two complete sets of chromosomesdiploid
  86. 86the two copies of a chromosome produced by DNA replicationsister chromatids
  87. 87a constriction that physically holds sister chromatids together; the site of the attachment of the spindle fibers that move the chromosome in cell divisioncentromere
  88. 88the stage of mitosis characterized by the appearance of visible chromosomesprophase
  89. 89a structure in the cytosol made up predominantly of microtubules that pull the chromosomes into separate daughter cellsmitotic spindle
  90. 90a compact structure that is the microtubule organizing center for animal cellscentrosome
  91. 91the stage of mitosis in which the nuclear envelope breaks down and the microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to chromosomesprometaphase
  92. 92the protein complexes on a chromatid where spindle fibers attachkinetochores
  93. 93the stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the dividing cellmetaphase
  94. 94the stage of mitosis in which the sister chromatids separateanaphase
  95. 95the stage of mitosis in which the nuclei of the daughter cells are formed and the chromosomes uncoil to their original statetelophase
  96. 96in animal cells, a ring of actin filaments that forms at the equator of the cell perpendicular to the axis of what was the spindle at the beginning of cytokinesiscontractile ring
  97. 97a form of cell division that includes only one round of DNA replication but two rounds of nuclear division; makes sexual reproduction possiblemeiotic cell division
  98. 98reductional division, the first stage of meiotic cell division, in which the number of chromosomes is halvedmeiosis I
  99. 99equational division, the second stage of meiotic cell division, in which the number of chromosomes is unchangedmeiosis II
  100. 100the beginning of meiosis I, marked by the visible manifestation of chromosome condensationprophase I
  101. 101the gene-for-gene pairing of homologous chromosomes in prophase I of meiosissynapsis
  102. 102the four-stranded structure consisting of two pairs of sister chromatids aligned along their length and held together by chiasmatabivalent
  103. 103chromatids of different members of a pair of homologous chromosomes; although they carry the same complement of genes, they are not genetically identicalnon-sister chromatids
  104. 104a cross like structure with a bivalent constituting a physical manifestation of crossing overchiasma (chiasmata)
  105. 105the stage of meiosis I in which the nuclear envelope breaks down and the meiotic spindles attach to kinetochores on chromosomesprometaphase I
  106. 106the stage of meiosis I in which the meiotic spindle is completed and the bivalents move to lie on an imaginary plane cutting transversely across the spindlemetaphase I
  107. 107the stage of meiosis I in which the two homologous chromosomes of each bivalent separate as they are pulled in opposite directions, but the sister chromatids remain joined at the centromereanaphase I
  108. 108an alternative name for meiosis I since this division reduces the number of chromosomes by halfreductional division
  109. 109the stage of meiosis I in which the chromosomes uncoil slightly, a nuclear envelope briefly reappears, and in many species the cytoplasm divides, producing two separate cellstelophase I
  110. 110the stage of meiosis II in which the chromosomes in the now-haploid nuclei reconvenes to their maximum extentprophase II
  111. 111the stage of meiosis II in which the meiotic spindles attach to kinetochores on chromosomesprometaphase II
  112. 112the stage of meiosis II in which the chromosomes line up so that their centromeres lie on an imaginary plane cutting across the spindlemetaphase II
  113. 113the stage of meiosis II in which the centromere of each chromosome splits and the separated chromatids are pulled toward opposite poles of the spindleanaphase II
  114. 114the stage of meiosis II in which the chromosomes uncoil and become diffuse, a nuclear envelop forms around each set of chromosomes, and the cytoplasm divides by cytokinesistelophase II
  115. 115another name for meiosis II because cells in meiosis II have the same number of chromosomes at the beginning and end of the processequational division
  116. 116a regulatory protein whose levels rise and fall with each round of the cell cyclecyclin
  117. 117a kinase that is always present within the cell but only active when bound to the appropriate cyclincyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)
  118. 118one of multiple regulatory mechanisms that coordinate the temporal sequence of events in the cell cyclecheckpoint
  119. 119states that entropy increases in a closed systemthe second law of thermodynamics
  120. 120process when light drives transformation of water and carbon dioxide into glucosephotosynthesis
  121. 121photosynthesis: increase or decrease in entropy?decrease
  122. 1223 things needed for photosynthesiswater, light, and carbon dioxide
  123. 123light is transformed to chemical energy and ATP is produced. Electrons are removed from water and are used to form NADPHlight dependent reaction
  124. 124uses NADPH to reduce CO2 to carbslight independent reaction
  125. 125where is starch stored?chloroplasts (starch granules store glucose)
  126. 126discrete packets in which light existsphotons
  127. 127absorb light energypigments
  128. 128absorb blue and green light and transmit yellow, orange, or red lightcarotenoids
  129. 129absorb blue and red light and transmit green lightchlorophylls
  130. 130What happens to a pigment when it absorbs a photon?1. absorbing a photon excites an electron in the pigment molecule
    2. when the excited electron returns to ground state it releases energy
  131. 131transmit energy from excited electrons in the antenna complex to the reaction centerchlorophyll molecules
  132. 132Where are excited electrons are passed to an electron acceptor?the reaction center
  133. 133What happened in the photosystem experiment?Amount of photosynthesis leveled off before expected. Even before all the chlorophyll molecules were excited photosynthesis reached a maximum
  134. 134What happens when the energy from the antenna complex reaches the reaction center?excited electrons from the reaction center are transferred to a molecule that acts like an electron acceptor
  135. 135What happens after electrons are accepted?initiates a series of redox reactions passing through electron carriers found in the thylakoid membrane (electron transport)
  136. 136what do you get from electron transport?ATP, NADPH, and H+
  137. 1372 systems for electron transport in photosynthesisNoncyclic and cyclic
  138. 138electron transport that produces only ATPcyclic electron transport
  139. 139electron transport that produces NADPH, H+, ATP and O2noncyclic electron transport (z scheme)
  140. 140instead of donating an electron to NADP+ electrons cycle through the system and give additional ATP though photophosphorylationcyclic photophosphorylation
  141. 141photosystem found in thylakoid membrane facing stromaPSI
  142. 142photosystem found in thylakoid membrane facing inside of granaPSII
  143. 143stack of thylakoids in chloroplastsgranum
  144. 144first step of photosynthesisconverting light energy to chemical energy in reduced molecules (electron carriers) and ATP
  145. 145Second step of photosynthesisreduced electron carriers and ATP are used to drive the synthesis of carbs from co2 that is taken up from the atmosphere
  146. 1463 phases of the Calvin cyclefixation, reduction, regeneration
  147. 147how do plants fix carbon?enzyme rubisco-- 8 different active sites, very slow enzyme, fixes 3 molecules per second
  148. 148plant type: uses rubisco, makes 3-carbon sugarsC3 plants
  149. 149Plant type: uses pep carboxylase, produces 4-carbon organic acidsC4 plants
  150. 150Fix CO2 at night, malic acid moves to chloroplast, decarboxylation supplies CO2 for calvin cycle (plants in extreme environments)CAM plants
  151. 151cytoskeleton provides ___structural integrity, movement, and communication
  152. 152hollow tubes formed from tubulin dimersmicrotubules
  153. 153double helix of actin monomersmicrofilaments
  154. 154strong fiber composed of intermediate filament proteinsintermediate filaments
  155. 155motor proteins that move toward the plus endkinesin and myosin
  156. 156protein that moves toward minus enddynein
  157. 157required for white blood cell movementactin
  158. 158cilia and flagella are made out of ___microtubules
  159. 159Stentor (a protist) uses ___ to generate a current that sucks food into its mouthcilia
  160. 160salmon sperm use ___ to propel themselves through waterflagella
  161. 161___ are used to create flow in air or watercilia
  162. 162functions of epitheliumexchange, transporting, ciliated, protective, secretory, immunity
  163. 163Why are cells so smallbecause surface area to volume ratio matters
  164. 164What do cells use to build tissues and organs?cell-cell adhesions
  165. 165epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous, combine to make up all organs of the bodytissues
  166. 166Help determine the strength and specificity of cell-cell adhesionscadherins
  167. 167cadherin expressed by neural cellsN-cadherin
  168. 168cadherin expressed by epidermal cellsE-cadherin
  169. 1693 means of cell-cell adhesionsECM, cellular junctions, cytoskeleton
  170. 170types of cellular junctionsanchoring junctions, tight junctions, gap junctions
  171. 1713 types of anchoring junctionsdesmosome, adherens junction, hemidesmosomes
  172. 172what molecules are reduced in photosynthesis to form carbs?CO2
  173. 173ultimate electron donor in photosynthesiswater
  174. 174terminal electron acceptor in photosynthesisNADP+
  175. 175Movement of electrons through photosynthetic ETC are used to produce ___ and ____ATP and NADPH
  176. 176Where is the PETC?the thylakoid membrane
  177. 177which step of the Calvin cycle? CO2 is added to a 5-carbon moleculecarboxylation
  178. 178which step of the Calvin cycle? energy and electrons are transferred to 6-carbon moleculereduction
  179. 179which step of the Calvin cycle? 5 carbon molecule returns for carboxylationregeneration
  180. 180enzyme that catalyzes the incorporation of CO2rubisco
  181. 1815-carbon sugarRuBP
  182. 182after CO2 is added to RuBP, a 6-carbon molecule immediately breaks into 2 molecules of ... ?3PGA
  183. 1833-carbon molecule that is the true product of the Calvin cycletriose phosphate
  184. 184Is Calvin cycle light dependent or independent?light independent
  185. 185major entry point for light in photosynthesischlorophyll
  186. 186chlorophyll molecules are bound by their tail regions to integral membrane proteins in the thylakoid membrane calledphotosystems
  187. 187energy is transferred between chlorophyll until it is finally transferred to a specially configured pair of chlorophyll molecules called the ...reaction center
  188. 188where light energy is converted to chemical energyreaction center
  189. 189photosystem that supplies the energy to pull electrons from waterPSII
  190. 190photosystem that energizes electrons with a second input of light energy so they can reduce NADP+PSI
  191. 191electrons pass through this between PSII and PSIcyt
  192. 192a lipid-soluble compound that carries electrons from PSII to the cyt complex by diffusion through the membraneplastoquinine (pq)
  193. 193a water-soluble protein that carries electrons from cyt to PSI by diffusing through the thylakoid lumenplastocyanin (pc)
  194. 194Where are H+ and O2 released when electrons are pulled from water?the lumen side of PSII
  195. 195NADPH is formed when electrons are pulled from ___ to a membrane associated protein called ___PSI ; ferredoxin (fd)
  196. 196where do the 2 electrons that reduce NADP+ come from?fd
  197. 1972 factors of proton build up in thylakoid lumen1. oxidation of water releases protons and O2 into lumen
    2. Cyt and pq together function as a proton pump
  198. 198in cyclic electron transport, electrons reenter PETC via what?Pq
  199. 199type of plant that supports photorespiration by increasing the concentration of CO2 in the immediate vicinity of rubiscoC4 plants
  200. 200use cell-surface receptorsinsulin, epinephrine, glucagon

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Biology Flashcards on LS2 flashcards part 1, created by Sarah Summers on 17/05/2017.
Created by
Sarah Summers · May 2017
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May 19, 2017
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