AP Biology

Functions

- maintains fluid balance, body temperature, & pH balance

- delivers oxygen

- protects body against invaders

Blood Cells

45%

Fluid

55%

erythrocytes

(red blood cells)

leukocytes

(white blood cells)

platelets

Function: carry oxygen

Shape: biconcave

Lifetime : 120 days

plasma

90% water

10% proteins, glucose, vitamins, minerals, dissolved gases & waste products of cell metabolism

Aged cells

Brittle outer membranes burst while crossing narrow capillaries, iron recovered & stores in bone marrow, heme transformed into bile pigment

+ altitude

- oxygen

+ concentration

Hemoglobins: increase capacity to carry oxygen

heme = iron containing pigment

globin = protein

Deficiency in hemoglobin / red blood cells decreases oxygen delivery to tissues causing anemia

Production determined by amount of oxygen available

Blood

AP Biology

Phagocytic white blood cells Engulf invading microbes to destroy

Shape: irregular

Reproduction: in bone marrow

Organelles: no nuclei

Fragile, rupture if they strike sharp edge

Initiate blood clotting reactions

Organelles: nuclei

Reproduction: different types in bone marrow, later modified by lymph nodes

Form proteins called antibodies

Less numerous than red blood cells (700:1)

Reproduction: reproduced in bone marrow by stem cells (contain nuclei)

Concentration: Males: 5.5 million/mL Females: 4.5 million/mL

Organelles: no nuclei

Circulatory

System

Respiratory System

Heart

Breathing Movements

Diaphragm Movements

Pressure differences between atmosphere (constant) & chest cavity (irregular) determine movement of gases in/out of lungs

*gases move down concentration gradient

inspiration

pleural pressure < atmosphere

expiration

pleural pressure > atmosphere

Diaphragm

- muscle sheet separating chest cavity organs from abdominal cavity organs

- regulates chest cavity pressure

- assisted by rib movement

contraction

flattens & moves downward = inhalation

relaxation

moves upward into dome shape = exhalation

Intercostals muscles​​Assist rib movement by expanding & contracting, found between ribs

Regulation

Breathing movements controlled by brain section called medulla oblongata

Chemoreceptors Specialized nerve receptors sensitive to specific chemicals

Disorders

decrease O2 delivery to tissues

Types

Acid chemoreceptors: detect acid levels

Oxygen chemoreceptors: detect O2 levels

Carbon dioxide chemoreceptors: detect CO2 levels, most sensitive, main regulators of breathing movement

Can be over-rided by thinking, unless CO2 levels are too high

Bronchitis

- bacterial/viral infections cause mucus cells lining respiratory pathway to secrete more mucus which narrows air passages

- more serious in bronchioles without cartilage support

- bronchial asthma associated with inflammation of bronchioles (harder to exhale than inhale)

Emphysema

- associated with chronic bronchitis & bronchioles inflammation

- decreases diameter of bronchioles which restricts air movement, increases lung pressure, stretches/raptures aveoli (can't regenerate), & decreases O2 levels

Lung cancer

- solid cancer cell mass (uncontrolled growth) in lungs decreases surface for diffusion

- tumors block bronchioles, reduce airflow, & collapse lungs

Pneumothorax

- puncture collapses lung, prevents establishment of chest cavity pressure

- no pressure = no air movement

Asthma (disease)

- spasms around bronchi & bronchioles narrow passageways

Pneumonia

- lung infection causes mucus secretion and narrowing of passageways

Expiratory reserve volume​​​​​​ Extra air breathed out consciously

Vital capacity Total volume of air from normal & conscious breathing

Inspiratory reserve volume Extra air breathed in consciously

Residual volume Volume of air never breathed, prevents lung from collapsing

Tidal volume Volume of air breathed in/out during normal breathing

Breathing

Groups Membrane gylcoproteins on red blood cells determine blood type

Glycoprotein Blood Type

Marker A A

Marker B B

Markers A & B AB

No markers O