DSM

DSM

1. suggests that children go through certain stages of intellectual development

   • the stages of cognitive development take place in a certain order, the age of transition from one to another may differ in different children

2. Sensorimotor stage 0-2

   • Children learn the world through their senses and the manipulation of objects
     • Trial error method
       • First schemas develops
         • Differentiation of self from an environment
           • Understanding of object permanence
             • Beginning of the development of verbal communication

3. Concrete operational 7-11

   • Learn to conserve
     • less egocentric
       • Use Symbols manipulates them at the logical level
         • combines objects into clusters.
     • appearance of something changes, it doesn’t mean its basic properties have changed

4. Formal operational 11+

   • Concrete, abstract, logical thinking
     • Plan for the future
       • draw conclusions
         • think by analogy
           • understand metaphors
     • form and test hypotheses
       • plan for the future

5. Pre-operational 2-7

   • Egocentric thinking (inability perspectives
     • Aminism human feelings
       • centration (focusing on 1 characteristic
         • Achievement to ability to mentally undo an action
           • Are able to understand things symbolically
             • understand the ideas of past and future
               • Vocabulary is growing

6. Shema is a mental structure that represents some aspects of the world or action. Children adapt and change their schemas over time.

7. Organisation It is ability of mind to organise and link or combine different schemas together. Humans are designed to organise their experiences in to logical sets of meanings.

8. Assimilation is when C connect new info into their existing schemas. Cognitive process of fitting new information into existing cognitive schemas

   • Accommodation is the cognitive process of revising existing cognitive schemas, change their schemas in light of this new info. Accommodation of knowledge is more substantial, requiring the learner to reshape those containers.
     • это изменение схем применительно к новой ситуации Научается по-разному подготавливать руки, пальцы, в зависимости от того, протягивают ли ему листок бумаги или мячик (схема хватания подверглась аккомодации).
   • Интеграция новых объектов или ситуаций и событий в предшествующие схемы

9. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

   • published American Psychiatric Association
     • covers all categories of mental health disorders for both adults and children. Chapter 5

10. Cluster A

    • Schizoid
      • Odd ideas, loner, detachment, constricted, eccentric
        • Lack of interest in social or personal relationships
          • Little or no interest in having sex with another person
            • Inability to take pleasure in most activities
              • Limited range of emotional expression
                • Cold or indifferent to others
                  • Pattern of social detachment
                    • Preferring to be alone
                      • Not depressed
    • Schizotypal
      • Eccentricity, bizarre ideas, socially anxious, loner, constricted
        • Odd perceptual experiences, such as hearing a voice
          • Eccentric dress, thinking, beliefs, speech or behavior.
            • Socially isolated, reserved, distant.
              • Social and interpersonal limitations
              • Lack of close relationships
                • Unusual experience
                  • Magical thinking
                    • Social anxiety
    • Paranoid

11. Cluster B

    • Borderline
    • Narcissistic
    • Histrionic
    • Antisocial

12. Cluster C

    • Avoidant
    • Dependent
    • Obsessive

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